南京徐氏东园的空间格局演变

Historical Spatial Pattern Evolution of Xu's East Garden in Nanjing

传统园林的演变往往与社会变迁息息相关。南京徐氏东园经历了从私家园林到公共园林再到城市公园的演变过程:明代徐氏家族叠山理水、营园交游,东园呈现“池环堂下、水绕园外、池水相连”的空间格局;清代市民开塘植蔬、自发造景,格局演变为“田塘交错、宅环园立、阡陌交通”;民国之后政府就地改造、规划公园,最终形成“水陆相融、园筑居中、蔬圃装缀”的空间格局。东园的公共化演变受不同时期的社会背景影响:好名之风与文人交游使东园初具一定公共性,家族衰替与田宅易主直接促使其开放,社会变迁和西风东渐使之最终实现了完全的公共化。

The evolution of traditional gardens is often closely intertwined with social changes.The Xu's East Garden in Nanjing transitioned from private garden to public garden and finally transitioned to urban park.In the Ming Dynasty,the Xu aristocratic family engaged in landscaping the East Garden by arranging rockeries and water features for social intercourse.The garden came into being the spatial pattern characterized by"ponds encircling beneath halls and rivers surrounding the garden interconnected".In the Qing Dynasty,urban residents spontaneously excavated ponds,planted vegetables,and created landscapes,resulting in the spatial pattern change of"fields and ponds interwove,residences encircled gardens,as well as paths and lanes intersected".During the Republic of China period,the government renovated the garden and planned an urban park,ultimately forming the pattern of"water and land combined,garden architecture located in the middle area with nursery stock decorated".The evolution of the garden toward public area was determined by the social context in different periods.Firstly,the cultural trend of seeking the good reputation and interactions among literati in the Ming Dynasty resulted in the East Garden showed a degree of public features.Secondly,the decline of the family status and the change of ownership of residences directly contributed to the garden opened to the public.Thirdly,social changes and western cultural influences served as the ultimate driving forces to complete transition.