如何实现终身工作:日本老年人力资源开发研究

Lifelong Employment:Research on Human Resource Development for the Elderly in Japan

当前,人口老龄化成为全球国家积极应对的重大问题。作为最早进入老龄化社会的发达国家之一,面对劳动力老龄化的严峻形势,推进终身工作成为日本顺应人口结构变化、促进经济增长、建设长寿社会、积极响应老年人需求的重要举措。日本以实现终身工作为目标,在老年人力资源开发方面的主要行动路径包括:基于生命历程构建职业培训框架、通过技能评估确定职业培训内容、结合人口特征进行职业培训设计、组建专业团队保障职业培训质量、依托制度政策保障职业培训运行常态。从现实来看,我国针对老年群体的人力资源开发力度仍然有限,实践过程中也面临着规则、观念、资源等困境。日本在老年人力资源开发方面的经验可以为我国提供借鉴与启示,具体包括:顶层设计先行,突破规则困境;营造终身学习文化氛围,突破观念困境;凝聚老年人力资源开发合力,突破资源困境;完善老年人力资源开发体系,突破素质困境;辅助成人职业指导系统,突破机会困境。

At present,population aging has become a major problem that countries around the world actively respond to.As one of the first developed countries to enter the aging society,Japan is in the face of the severe situation of aging labor force,boosting lifelong employment has become an important measure to adapt to the change of population structure,promote economic growth,build a longevity society,and actively respond to the needs of the elderly.Japan aims to achieve lifelong employment,and its main action path in the develop elderly human resources is:building a vocational training framework based on the life course,determining vocational training content through skill assessment,designing vocational training based on population characteristics,forming professional teams to ensure the quality of vocational training,and relying on institutional policies to ensure the normal operation of vocational training.From a practical perspective,China's efforts in developing human resources for the elderly population are still limited,and the implementation process also faces challenges of rules,concepts,and resources.Japan's experience in this area can provide reference and enlightenment for China,including:prioritizing top-level design to break through the rule dilemma;creating a lifelong learning cultural atmosphere to break through the concept dilemma;uniting the joint development force of the elderly human resources for the elderly to break through the resource dilemma;improving the development system of the elderly human resources to break through the quality dilemma;and assisting adult vocational guidance system to break through the opportunity dilemma.