俄罗斯农业改革与中俄农业合作

Russian Agricultural Reform and Sino-Russian Agricultural Cooperation

苏联由于片面强调发展重工业而忽视农业,导致农产品极度短缺。苏联解体后,俄罗斯进行了一系列农业改革,农业资源禀赋优势得以逐步发挥,并成功跻身世界农业大国之列。坚实的农业基础是保障俄罗斯在面对俄乌冲突局势升级、西方国家对其采取极限经济制裁的情况下,仍能保持经济平稳和社会稳定的重要原因之一。回顾俄罗斯农业改革历程,可以分为以私有化和市场化为导向的激进改革、以减负和扶持为主要手段的政策调整、以安全和高效为目标的深化改革三个阶段。通过对俄罗斯农业改革历程进行回顾和梳理可以判断,在未来较长的一段时期内,俄罗斯农业政策趋于稳定,这可以为中俄两国农业合作提供一个相对稳定和清晰的政策预期。同时,由于俄罗斯农业发展的政策方向与我国农业发展的大方向在一定程度上具有相似性,加之中俄关系持续向好,两国具备开展农业合作的有利条件。未来,中俄两国要加强农业合作顶层设计,建立多层次农业合作体系,完善两国在农业投资方面的法律政策,不断完善中俄两国农业合作模式。

The Soviet Union's one-sided emphasis on developing heavy industry at the expense of agriculture led to an extreme shortage of agricultural products.After the collapse of the Soviet Union,Russia carried out a series of agricultural reforms to gradually leverage its advantageous agricultural resource endowment,successfully establishing itself as one of the world's leading agricultural countries.A robust agricultural foundation is one of the important reasons why Russia has been able to maintain economic and social stability amidst the escalating Russia-Ukraine conflict and the imposition of severe economic sanctions by Western countries.Russia's agricultural reform can be divided into three stages:a radical initial stage oriented towards privatization and marketization,a subsequent policy adjustment stage primarily focused on reducing burdens and supporting farmers,and a comprehensive reform stage aimed at ensuring safety and efficiency.By reviewing the history of Russia's agricultural reform,it can be judged that Russia's agricultural policy is likely to exhibit long-term stability,which can provide relatively stable and clear policy expectations for agricultural cooperation between China and Russia.At the same time,given the alignment of Russian agricultural policy with the broader trajectory of agricultural development in China,and considering the ongoing enhancement of Sino-Russian relations,there are favorable conditions for the two countries to carry out agricultural cooperation.In the future,China and Russia should strengthen the top-level design of agricultural cooperation,establish a multi-level agricultural cooperation system,improve their legal policies in agricultural investment,and continuously optimize the mode of agricultural cooperation.