论马克思对黑格尔代议制构想的批判与扬弃——基于《黑格尔法哲学批判》的考察

On Marx’s Critique and Sublation of the Hegelian Conception of Representative Democracy:A Critical Assessment Drawing onthe Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

黑格尔的法哲学试图通过寻求中介的方式克服政治国家与市民社会的分离,这种对中介的寻求最终驱使黑格尔走上了重构代议制的道路。不满于黑格尔思辨调和式的解决方案,马克思在深入思考现代国家实质的基础上,提出了“真正的民主制”,从而实现了对黑格尔代议制构想的扬弃。站在马克思《黑格尔法哲学批判》的基本立场上,不难发现,黑格尔对代议制的重构存在着根本性的理论困境。只有彻底超越抽象国家形式的范围,才谈得上对市民社会与政治国家分离的真正克服。“真正的民主制”的提出标志着马克思给出了一条激进的、革命性的政治批判进路,这一政治批判也为他后来区分政治解放与人类解放进而转向共产主义奠定了理论基础。

Hegel’s philosophy of law seeks to reconcile the political state with civil society through the concept of mediation(Vermittlung).This endeavor led Hegel to reformulate the system of representation.However,dissatisfied with Hegel’s speculative approach to reconciliation,Marx examined the essence of the modern state and introduced the idea of“True Democracy”,effectively sublating Hegel’s notion of representative democracy.In his Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,Marx uncovers the fundamental theoretical challenges inherent in Hegel’s solution.He argues that genuine reconciliation between civil society and the political state can only be achieved by moving beyond the limitations of the abstract state.The concept of“True Democracy”represents Marx’s radical and revolutionary critique of politics,establishing a theoretical foundation for his later distinction between political emancipation and human liberation,which ultimately guided his shift towards communism.