论朱熹以理气二元论融合气一元论所带来的问题

On the Questions Caused by Zhu Xi Using the li-qi Dualism to Fuse qi Monism

朱熹将“太极”纯理化后,其宇宙论依旧是在气化模式中展开的,整体的“天地之气”并未被取消。朱熹的理气二元论融合气一元论所带来的问题可以概括为三点:首先,气的生成问题仍待解释。在具体之气有生有灭,其灭是散尽而不重作造化之用的情况下,天地之气一直处于向外分化的状态,无质之天理无法保障有质之气的恒常性。其次,气之异化有理还是无理?气原初虽依理而生成分化,但是理无法管摄气的变动,从而会产生气之异化。朱熹既想让气有别于天理的独立性质,从而将不正的现象归于气之异化,又想让天理直接统摄天下万理,实际上,气之异化无法在天理中得到说明。最后,“气之理”层面的缺失与朱熹在现实造化层面对“气”的倚重相矛盾。天理是“应动应静”的当然之则,气自身具有“能动能静”的性质,万物所表现出来的“理”异是因为所禀受之“气”异,气作为原初基质必然具有自身之“理”的层面,但是“气负载理”的理气关系阻碍了“气之理”层面的显现与追问。朱熹与弟子对“心之理”为何的问答,显露出“气之理”层面的缺失造成了存在与存在之理的严重割裂。

With Zhu Xi(1130-1200)taking the concept of“Taiji”as pure li(meaning and principle),his cosmology still proceeded in terms of the unfolding of qi(material force),and the overall“qi of heaven and earth”was not abolished.The problems brought about by Zhu Xi using the li-qi dualism to fuse qi monism can be summarized into three points:first,the generation of qi still needs to be explained.In the case where the specific material qi both generates and disappears,and the disappearance means dissipation without being reused for new creation,the qi of heaven and earth has always been in a state of outward differentiation,and the nonmaterial Heavenly Principle cannot guarantee the constancy of the material force qi.Second,is the alienation of qi rational or irrational?Although qi initially generates and differentiates according to li,li cannot control the changes of qi,resulting in the alienation of qi.Zhu Xi wanted to let qi have independent nature with heavenly principles,thus attributing abnormal phenomena to the alienation of qi,and also wanted heavenly principles to directly govern all the principles of the world.In fact,the alienation of qi cannot be explained in heavenly principles.Finally,the lack of the“principle of qi”contradicts Zhu Xi's reliance on“qi”in terms of realistic creation.Heavenly li is a natural principle of“moving and stillness”;qi itself has the property of“being able to move and keep still”.The differences of“li”exhibited by all things are due to the differences of inherent“qi”.Qi,as the primary matrix,must have its own“li”level.However,the“qi carrying li”relationship of qi and li hinders the manifestation and questioning of the level of“the li of qi”.The question and answer between Zhu Xi and his disciples about the“principle of heart-mind”revealed the lack of“the li of qi”,resulting in a serious disconnect between existence and the li of existence.