新质生产力与马克思主义生产力理论

New Quality Productive Forces and Marxist Productivity Theory

新质生产力的提出拓展了我们对生产力发展规律的认识,丰富和发展了马克思主义生产力理论。马克思、恩格斯的生产力理论内蕴于唯物史观、剩余价值学说和科学社会主义之中,为我们准确把握新质生产力的总体性、社会性、时代性提供了理论依据。为此,我们需要从三个方面入手深化对新质生产力的理解。一是立足唯物史观中的生产力理论,把劳动生产力、自我生产力、社会关系生产力作为人的生命生产的总体生产力的三个因素或环节;二是立足剩余价值学说中的生产力理论,研究人的生命生产何以沦为资本的生命生产的手段和工具、劳动生产力何以沦为资本生产力的构成要素;三是立足科学社会主义中的生产力理论,分析无产阶级掌握政权后如何回归人的生命生产、如何探索人的生命生产意义上的生产力路径。将马克思、恩格斯的生产力理论结合中国实际可以看到,新质生产力特指中国特色社会主义进入新时代、踏上新征程后的生产力发展新路径,具有鲜明的时代特征和实践特征。

The concept of new quality productive forces enhances our understanding of the laws governing productivity development and enriches Marxist productivity theory.Marx and Engels'productivity theory is embedded in the materialist conception of history,the theory of surplus value,and scientific socialism,which provides a theoretical framework for comprehending the comprehensive,social,and contemporary aspects of new quality productive forces.Understanding new quality productive forces requires an analysis from three interrelated dimensions.First,from the materialist conception of history,productivity theory views labor productivity,self-productivity,and social relationship productivity as the three aspects of the overall productivity of human life production.Second,based on the theory of productive forces within the theory of surplus value,we can examine how human life production becomes a means and tool for capital life production and how labor productivity becomes a component of capital productivity.Third,grounded in the theory of productive forces in scientific socialism,we must explore how the proletariat can reclaim human life production and advance the path of productive forces in the context of human life production after gaining political power.In the view of Marx and Engels,the alienation and its transcendence of overall productive forces are the foundation of all history.The alienation of overall productivity is manifested not in the use of labor tools by laborers to transform labor objects into material means of life,but in the production of surplus value by capital as accumulated labor through the domination of living labor and the use of laborers and labor materials to transform labor objects.The transcendence of alienation is manifested that accumulated labor is once again dominated by living labor,and through the recombination of laborers,labor materials,and labor objects,it becomes the body of a freely united laborers'community.Only by the transcendence of the alienated overall productive forces can it conform to the New Development Concept and promote high-quality development.According to Marx and Engels'theory of productive forces,new quality productive forces specifically refer to the productive forces of socialism with Chinese characteristics as it enters the new era and embarks on a new journey,which should not be applied in other contexts.However,due to varied interpretations of productivity across disciplines,few scholars simultaneously address new quality productive forces from these three dimensions.Scholars often either misunderstand the relationship between labor productivity and overall productivity,conflating productivity with labor productivity and neglecting self-productivity and social relationship productivity,or they recognize the subordinate status of labor productivity to capital productivity but fail to analyze the social and temporal conditions necessary for transforming simple labor processes into scientific processes.Both approaches lead to an oversimplified theoretical understanding of new quality productive forces,overlooking its practical implications.