工作场所中道德效能感的形成与作用:研究回顾与展望

Antecedents and Consequences of Moral Efficacy in the Workplace:A Review and Prospect

在工作中,员工的道德举动不仅取决于其对道德问题是否注意和看重等动机因素,还取决于他们对自己处理道德问题能力的信念,这种信念被称为道德效能感(moral efficacy)。道德效能感不仅直接影响个体的道德认知和行为,还会影响组织的道德决策和结果。尽管道德效能感对个体和组织都具有重要意义,目前学术界对道德效能感的研究还较为零散,研究间缺乏一定程度的对话,这既不利于后续研究开展,也不利于商业伦理实践。为此,本文系统梳理了道德效能感的68项研究,旨在回答“道德效能感是什么”,“有何作用”,“受何影响”等一系列关键问题。总体而言,道德效能感是一般自我效能感在道德领域内的体现;领导、组织、人际和个体因素均会塑造员工的道德效能感;道德效能感会影响道德相关产出,也会带来道德领域外的影响。未来研究应思考道德效能感测量与内涵的匹配,识别并干预抑制道德效能感的负面情境因素,关注影响道德效能感的个体差异,探究个体与团队道德效能感的演化机制,以及关注道德效能感的变化与波动。

Employees'morally relevant behavior depends not only on their motivational factors such as attention(moral attentiveness)and value(moral identity)of moral issues,but also on their belief in their ability to deal with moral issues.Such belief can be described as moral efficacy,which is the degree of belief(confidence)in one's capabilities to organize and mobilize the motivation,cognitive resources,means,and courses of action needed to attain moral performance,within a given moral domain,while persisting in the face of moral adversity.As moral efficacy was found to have sizeable effects on both individuals'moral cognition and behavior and organizations'moral decisions and conducts,it has received increasing attention in recent years.However,the existing research on moral efficacy is relatively fragmented,and there is a lack of conversation between the studies.This article systematically reviews the research in this field to clarify a series of key issues about moral efficacy.Our review indicated that moral efficacy is the general self-efficacy in moral domain.Moral efficacy could be shaped by leadership and organizational contexts.Moral efficacy not only affects moral outcomes,but influences immoral consequences such as emotional exhaustion and turnover intention.Extending the understanding of moral efficacy,future research should rethink the matching between measurement and connotation of moral efficacy,investigate the detrimental effects of negative contextual factors on moral efficacy,identify individual differences that affect moral efficacy,discuss interactions between individual and team moral efficacy,and examine the variability and fluctuations of moral efficacy.