由“敬”至“用”:《御批通鉴辑览》在清代的社会境遇及变化

From“Respect”to“Use”:the Social Situation and Changes of Yupi Tongjian Jilan in the Qing Dynasty

《御批通鉴辑览》(简称《辑览》)在清代的社会境遇历经三个阶段的变化:其一,乾嘉至道光初年,被奉为官方权威,并在清廷重塑明末历史记忆的活动中充当依据之书。此阶段《辑览》政治意蕴凸显,人们的态度以“敬”为主。其二,道咸以降,《辑览》囊括古今、论断权威、部头适中的特点,适应了太平天国战后恢复文教的需求,成为官书局优先刊刻、学校重点藏贮的史籍,人们逐渐认可其历史教育价值,成为士子学史必读书目,几有超越《史》《鉴》之势。其三,清末颁布科举新章,《辑览》因被定为乡、会试史论题的核心命题参考书而获得士人追捧。科举制度废除后,《辑览》仍被新式学堂使用,在新旧学制迭代的过渡时期充当历史教科书。《辑览》在清代的社会境遇总体呈现由“敬”至“用”的变化趋势,展示了官修史书走出书斋、服务社会的路径,是中国传统史学发挥社会功用的典型案例。

The social functions of the Yupi Tongjian Jilan(hereinafter referred to as Jilan)is significant,and it roughly went through three stages in the Qing Dynasty.Firstly,from the Qianlong,Jiaqing to the early Daoguang period,after its publication,Jilan quickly became an official authority and a basis for reevaluating historical figures in the late Ming Dynasty.This is not only due to the reverence for imperial criticism,but also closely related to the Qing court’s need to reshape historical memory to consolidate its rule.Secondly,after the reign of Daoguang,Xianfeng Emperors,the political halo of Jilan faded away,and its characteristics of encompassing ancient and modern times,authoritative judgments,and moderate content perfectly adapted to the needs of restoration of culture and education after the Taiping Rebellion.The value of historical education gradually became prominent,and it became a priority for official bookstores to publish and a key collection of historical books in schools.People gradually recognized its historical educational value and regard it as a necessary reading for studying history,with a tendency to surpass Shiji and Tongjian.Thirdly,after the reform of the imperial examination system in the late Qing Dynasty,Jilan became the core reference book for the first historical proposition.Scholars’pursuit was even greater than before,and social influence was expanding.After the abolition of the imperial examination system,its social influence continued and assumed the function of a history textbook during the transitional period of the iteration of the old and new educational systems.The situation of Jilan in the Qing Dynasty is a distinct case of traditional Chinese historiography exerting social functions,demonstrating the basic path of official historical books going out of the study,integrating into society,and serving society.