城市保甲重建与基层权势变动——以厦门为例(1934-1938)

The Reconstruction of Urban Baojia and the Change of Grass-roots Power:Take Xiamen as an Example(1934-1938)

1930年代,保甲制度重新恢复后,逐渐由乡村走向城市。厦门保甲制度的确立,正是在这一时代背景下展开。起初,由于地方当局不够重视,厦门保甲组织形态相当松散,保甲职权掌握在以常务保长为代表的地方人士手中。1936年8月,围绕着国大代表推选权问题,厦门市公安局与常务保长展开激烈争夺。虽然在上级机关的支持下,厦门市公安局赢得推选资格,但风潮的发生也让其意识到保甲职权旁落的严重性。此后,厦门地方当局积极整顿保甲组织,将常务保长改为常驻分所的助理员,从而大体实现对保甲职权的控制。在近代基层政权建设中,城市社会尽管同样存在国家权威与地方势力的政治博弈,但基于国家力量的强大,这一进程相对顺利;而在乡村社会中国家力量的分散薄弱,致使基层政权建设的效果难得所愿。

In the 1930s,after the restoration of the Baojia system,it gradually moved from the countryside to the city.The establishment of Xiamen Baojia system came into being in this era.At first,due to the lack of attention from the local authorities,the organizational form of Xiamen Baojia was quite loose,and the powers of Baojia were in the hands of local people represented by the executive bao-chiefs.In August 1936,Xiamen Public Security Bureau fought fiercely with the executive bao-chiefs over the issue of the right to elect representatives of the National Congress.Although with the support of higher authorities,Xiamen Public Security Bureau won the election qualification,but the occurrence of the storm also made it realize the seriousness of Baojia’s power slip.Since then,the Xiamen local authorities have actively rectified the Baojia organization and changed the executive bao-chiefs to an assistant resident in the branch office,thus generally completing the control over the powers of Baojia.In the modern grassroots government construction,although there is also political game between state authority and local forces in urban society,the process is relatively smooth because of the strong state power.However,the weak dispersion of state power in rural society makes the effect of grassroots government construction rarely.