需求导向与实践创新:美国校企联合博士生培养项目的类型、模式与特征

Demand Orientation and Practical Innovation:Types,Models and Characteristics of Joint University-Enterprise Doctoral Training Programs in the United States

校企联合培养是高校与产业界强化合作关系的重要方式,在国家创新体系和教育体系中占有重要地位。在回顾美国合作教育历史、分析产业发展需求及梳理其政产学研体系的基础上,从培养主体角度提炼出美国校企联合博士生培养项目的三种类型,即政府主导、高校主导和企业(行业)协会主导,从培养方案角度归纳出三类培养模式,即协同式、合作式和分段式。总体而言,美国聚焦关键产业领域,依托产业研究中心和重大科技平台,通过多渠道且可持续的资金来源,出台政策规范并保障博士生联合培养项目的有效运行。借鉴美国校企联合博士生培养项目经验,建议推动校企联合培养项目与国家需求紧密结合、强化校企联合培养项目的灵活性与规范性、激发企业参与校企联合培养项目的积极性,进而全面提升我国博士生联合培养的质量和有效性。

Joint university-enterprise training is an important way to strengthen the cooperative relationship between universities and industries,which occupies an important position in the national innovation system and education system.On the basis of reviewing the history of cooperative education in the United States,analyzing the needs of industrial development and sorting out its government-industry-academia-research system,we have extracted three types of joint university-enterprise doctoral programs in the United States from the perspective of the cultivation subject,namely government-led,university-led and enterprise(industry)association-led,and summarized three types of cultivation modes from the perspective of the cultivation program,namely,synergistic,collaborative and segmented.In general,the U.S.focuses on key industrial fields,relies on industrial research centers and major scientific and technological platforms,and introduces policies and norms to guarantee the effective operation of joint doctoral training programs through multi-channel and sustainable funding sources.Drawing on the experience of the U.S.joint doctoral training programs,it is recommended to promote the close integration of the joint training programs with the national demand,strengthen the flexibility and standardization of the joint training programs,and stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises to participate in the joint training programs,so as to comprehensively improve the quality and effectiveness of the joint training of doctoral students in China.