流动的非粮种植与二元土地流转市场——一项土地流转中农业经营模式的双案例分析

Mobile Non-Grain Cultivation and Binary Land Transfer Market——A Dual Case Study of Agricultural Management Models in Land Transfer

造成土地流转市场分化现象的因素不仅包括土地禀赋、流转主体和外在环境,农业经营模式本身也会产生影响。根据不同作物的种植特性,以作物-土地关联机制为切入点,对山东某地区的非粮种植及其参照案例进行比较。研究发现,非粮种植和粮食种植之间不同的作物-土地关联机制影响经营流动性,非粮作物需要流动经营,粮食作物采取固定经营。不同的作物类型和经营模式对土地流转市场产生影响,导致流转对象、合约形式和流转价格发生分化,呈现出二元土地流转市场形态。特别是非粮作物与粮食作物在土壤损害、种植风险、关系强度和交易成本等方面的差异,导致非粮种植的土地流转价格远高于粮食种植。

In practice,the phenomena of surplus value transfer,low-price transfer,and even zero-rent transfer of rural land reflect the nature of land transfer,which can be described as a differential order.Prior research has elucidated this phenomenon from the perspectives of land endowment,the entities involved in the transfer,and external environments.These studies have conceptualized land transfer as“incomplete marketization”or a“differential order pattern.”However,these analyses fail to consider the possibility that land transfers may occur in a manner that creates secondary markets and the impact of the agricultural management model itself.In this regard,the most critical factor is the characteristics of crop planting.In light of these considerations,agricultural management models can be classified into two principal categories:those that do not involve grain planting and those that do.Each of these categories is characterized by distinct crop characteristics,which in turn give rise to different land use patterns.On this basis,the study employs the correlation mechanism between crops and land as the point of entry for an analysis of the differentiation of the land transfer market.This analysis indicates that the specific connection between crop types and land ultimately affects land transfer behavior and leads to the differentiation of the transfer market.The present study employs County A in northwest Shandong Province as a case study to examine recent shifts in the local agricultural planting structure.The prevailing position of grain planting has remained relatively unchanged.Conversely,the internal planting structure of non-grain crops has been modified as a consequence of the diversification of non-grain crops,which has resulted in a shift towards single vegetable plantings.The results demonstrate that a gradual differentiation between non-grain and grain planting has emerged,characterised by the emergence of distinct crop varieties and agricultural management models.This has led to the formation of a secondary market for land transfer.To conduct an in-depth study of the internal mechanism of this phenomenon,two cases were selected for comparison,one from each of the two types.The study revealed that the disparate crop-land linkage mechanisms between non-grain planting and grain planting have a significant impact on business liquidity.The former demonstrates a notable issue of repeated cropping and exhibits a discerning approach to land.In a large-scale planting model,the replacement of land is only feasible on a frequent basis,which in turn gives rise to mobile operations.However,in the context of a cyclical planting model,this mobile operation may be perceived as a migratory pattern akin to that of a migratory bird.The stable planting characteristics of the latter allow operators to implement a fixed management model.Secondly,the different crop-land relationship mechanisms underlying mobile non-grain planting and fixed grain planting have an impact on the land transfer market,resulting in differentiation in the land transfer market with respect to objects,contract forms,and transfer prices.With regard to the transfer of objects,there is a lack of connection between non-grain growers and farmers,resulting in a transfer market where the highest bidder prevails.This is appealing to profit-oriented non-farmer households who leave their hometowns,but it does not attract agriculture as a retreat for middle-aged and elderly individuals.In terms of contract forms,the mobility of non-grain crops results in the formation of short-term,informal,and private flexible contracts,whereas the fixed nature of food crops gives rise to long-term,formal,and guaranteed stable contracts.In terms of circulation prices,the high soil damage and high planting risks of non-grain crops,as well as the weak relationships and high transaction costs associated with mobile planting,have led to an increase in rent levels.Consequently,land rents for non-food crops are now set at a level that compensates for transaction costs,risk,and soil damage,while also incorporating a“profit-sharing”component.The aforementioned conclusions contribute to the advancement of our understanding of the differentiation phenomenon observed in land transfer markets.However,it is important to note that the research conclusions are limited in their scope of application.Ultimately,it is imperative to remain vigilant concerning the potential risks,soil degradation,and rent escalations associated with mobile non-grain operations.