论知识产权普通被许可人之独立诉权:基于实体与程序的二元视角

Independent Right of Action of the General Licensee of Intellectual Property:Based on the Dual Perspective of Entity and Procedure

根据现有法律规定,知识产权普通被许可人尚不具有独立诉讼主体地位。对此,实践中常采取类推适用商标领域相关司法解释规定的做法。为促进知识产权运用、保障许可双方合法权益,应赋予知识产权普通被许可人以独立诉权。当前基于代理型任意诉讼担当构造的诉权规则,既无法有效保护被许可人利益,还可能会带来滥用诉权的现象。民事诉讼中的正当当事人的判断标准历经实体权利义务说、管理权说到法的利益说之理论演变。普通许可使用权在权利属性上具有特殊性,难以兼容以实体权利为基础的传统诉权理论。法的利益说能够合理解释知识产权普通被许可人享有独立诉权之正当性,同时也能防止诉权滥用。今后理论上应从代理型诉讼担当转向代表型诉讼担当,程序上则应参考人数不确定的代表人诉讼程序,放宽诉讼程序启动限制、扩张既判力的主观范围、明确界定各主体赔偿份额。

According to the existing law,the general licensee of intellectual property does not have the status of independent litigation subject.In this regard,the practice often adopts the analogy to apply the relevant judicial interpretation provisions in the field of trademarks.In order to promote the use of intellectual property and protect the legitimate rights and interests of both parties,the ordinary licensee of intellectual property should be granted an independent right of action.The current litigation right rules based on the agency type of arbitrary litigation structure can not effectively protect the interests of the licensee,but also may bring the phenomenon of abuse of litigation right.The judgment standard of legitimate parties in civil litigation has evolved from the theory of entity rights and obligations,from the theory of management rights to the theory of legal interests.General license use right has its particularity in the attribute of right,which is difficult to be compatible with the traditional theory of right of action based on substantive right.The interest theory of law can reasonably explain the legitimacy of the independent right of action enjoyed by the general licensee of intellectual property,and at the same time prevent the abuse of the right of action.In the future,we should theoretically change from the agent litigation to the representative litigation,and the procedure should refer to the representative litigation procedure with uncertain number of people,relax the limitation of starting the litigation procedure,expand the subjective scope of the juridical force,and clearly define the compensation share of each subject.