美国商标法的域外适用:实施机制、学理解构及我国因应

The Extraterritorial Application of the U.S.trademark law:Enforcement Mechanism,Theoretical Deconstruction and China's Countermeasures

作为一种单边主义商标权保护方法,美国商标法的域外适用系以效果原则为理论基础的公法的域外适用,其实施机制包括法律解释、法律适用与裁决执行三个环节。整体而言,虽然宽泛的域外效力、弹性的法律适用标准、执行禁令与权利侵害救济裁决等为保护美国商标权人利益提供了一种新途径,但实则是美国单方面扩张其国内法适用范围的强力体现,在一定程度上冲击了他国主权利益。在当前统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治、推进我国知识产权有关法律规定域外适用的进程中,我国必须充分认识到美国商标法域外适用的多面性。一方面,我国当事人、政府和企事业单位要通过做好个案抗辩与情况报告准备、建立国际商标风险预警和应急机制以及相互协作等多种举措积极防范美国商标法域外适用的不良影响。另一方面,结合我国实际,我国立法、司法和行政机关应协同推进构建具有中国特色的商标法域外适用制度。

As a unilateral way to protect trademark rights,the extraterritorial application of the U.S.trademark law is the extraterritorial application of public law based on the effect principle,and its enforcement mechanism includes three links:legal interpretations,application of law and execution of adjudications.On the whole,although the broad extraterritoriality,flexible standards of the application of law,execution of injunctions and remedies for infringement of rights can provide a new way to protect the interests of the U.S.trademark owners,it is actually a strong manifestation of the unilateral expansion of the scope of application of domestic laws by the U.S.,which has impacted the sovereign interests of other countries to some extent.In the process of advancing the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs,promoting the extraterritorial application of China’s intellectual property laws and regulations,China must understand the extraterritorial application of the U.S.trademark law from many angles.On the one hand,Chinese litigants,government,enterprises and institutions should actively guard against adverse effects of extraterritorial application of the U.S.trademark law through doing a good job in case defense and situation report preparation,establishing international trademark risk early warning and emergency mechanism,and mutual cooperation.On the other hand,combining with the reality of China,China’s legislative,judicial and administrative organs should work together to build an extraterritorial application system of trademark law with China characteristics.