巢湖流域新型肥料氮素减量施用对水稻产量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响

Effects of different new types of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on rice yield,nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and economic benefit in Chaohu Lake Basin

为统筹考虑作物丰产与面源污染防控,避免过量施肥和盲目减肥,推进巢湖流域水稻生产和水环境生态协调发展,于2022年在巢湖流域开展新型肥料(普通复合肥和氨基酸复合肥)减肥田间试验,设置不施氮(CK,施氮量0 kg·hm^(–2))、农户常规模式(FP,施氮量281 kg·hm^(–2))、减氮20%(OP1,施氮量225 kg·hm^(–2))、减氮40%(OP2,施氮量169 kg·hm^(–2)),分析水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素、氮素吸收利用、氮肥利用效率、氮损失情况和经济效益。结果表明,在产量水平及产量构成要素方面,与FP相比,OP1产量无显著差异,但OP2施用普通复合肥处理的产量显著降低,OP1和OP2处理的穗数和穗粒数均无显著差异;在氮肥利用效率方面,与FP相比,OP1和OP2处理两种肥料的氮素农学利用率分别显著提高50.82%和53.79%,氮肥偏生产力分别显著提高29.29%和64.51%,OP2氨基酸复合肥处理的氮肥吸收利用率显著提高37.54%;在经济效益和环境效益方面,与FP相比,OP1和OP2处理两种肥料氮损失总量分别显著降低39.12%和60.93%,生产成本分别降低13.37%和18.26%,净利润分别增加8.25%和3.63%,并且与普通复合肥相比,施用氨基酸复合肥还可减少氮肥用量12.60%。因此,巢湖流域稻田氮肥减量20%有助于提高水稻氮肥利用率,增加水稻地上部氮素养分的吸收和转运,提升环境和经济效益,且推荐施用氨基酸复合肥(180 kg·hm^(–2))为宜,实现环境效益与经济效益的双赢。

The aim of this study was to achieve a comprehensive balance between crop yield and the prevention and control of non-point source pollution,to avoid excessive fertilization and unnecessary nutrient loss,and to promote the coordinated development of rice production along with the water environment and ecology in Chaohu Lake Basin.In 2022,a field experiment was conducted in Chaohu Lake Basin using two new types of fertilizers,which were common compound fertilizer and amino acid compound fertilizer.The trial aimed to foster the balanced development of rice production alongside the water environment and ecology.The experimental design included no nitrogen application(CK,0 kg·hm^(–2)),farmers’application rate(FP,281 kg·hm^(–2)),20%N reduction(OP1,225 kg·hm^(–2)),and 40%N reduction(OP2,169 kg·hm^(–2)).The effects of yield,N uptake and remobilization,N use and economic benefit of rice were analyzed.The results showed that compared with FP,the yield of OP1 was not significantly different in terms of yield level and yield components,but the yield of OP2 treated with common compound fertilizer was significantly reduced,and there was no significant difference in the panicle number and grain number per spike between OP1 and OP2 treatments.In terms of nitrogen use efficiency,compared with FP,the nitrogen use efficiency in OP1 and OP2 treatments was significantly increased by 50.82%and 53.79%,the nitrogen partial productivity was significantly increased by 29.29%and 64.51%,respectively,and the nitrogen use efficiency of OP2 treatment with amino acid compound fertilizer was significantly increased by 37.54%.In terms of economic and environmental benefits,compared with FP,the total nitrogen loss of OP1 and OP2 fertilizers was significantly reduced by 39.12%and 60.93%,the production cost was reduced by 13.37%and 18.26%,while the net profit was increased by 8.25%and 3.63%,respectively.The application of amino acid compound fertilizer could also reduce the amount of nitrogen fertilizer by 12.60%.Therefore,a 20%reduction of nitrogen fertilizer in the Chaohu Lake Basin can improve the nitrogen utilization rate of rice,increase the absorption and transport of nitrogen nutrients in the above-ground part of rice,and improve the environment and economic benefits.The application of amino acid compound fertilizer(180 kg·hm^(–2))is recommended,so as to achieve a win-win situation of environmental and economic benefits.