不同施肥模式对水稻田面水磷素浓度动态变化及水稻产量的影响

Effects of different fertilizers application patterns on the dynamics of phosphorus concentration in surface water and rice yield in paddy fields

为了探讨在巢湖流域稻麦轮作体系下磷肥减量与新型肥料施用对水稻田面水磷素浓度动态变化及水稻产量的影响,于2022年5月在合肥市庐江县开始田间试验。试验设置6个处理:对照处理(CK,不施肥)、常规施肥(CF,磷用量P_(2)O_(5) 90 kg·hm^(-2))、在常规施肥的基础上减磷20%(20%PR,磷用量P_(2)O_(5) 72 kg·hm^(-2))、在常规施肥的基础上减磷50%(50%PR,磷用量P_(2)O_(5) 50 kg·hm^(-2))、增效控失肥(CRF,磷用量P_(2)O_(5) 90 kg·hm^(-2))、缓释掺混肥(SRF,磷用量P_(2)O_(5) 90 kg·hm^(-2))。结果表明:施用两种新型肥料降低了田面水总磷(TP)和可溶性磷(DP)浓度峰值,总磷(TP)和可溶性磷(DP)峰值较CF处理分别降低了46.02%、42.38%与49.29%、44.71%,其中CRF降低程度最大;磷肥减量20%和50%处理也明显降低了田面水TP和DP浓度峰值,峰值分别较CF处理降低了12.78%、20.42%和42.56%、45.28%;在施肥7 d后,各施磷处理田面水的TP和DP浓度逐渐降低到较低水平并趋于稳定。产量方面,施用两种新型肥料均可显著提高水稻产量,增幅达2.14%~8.59%(P<0.05);磷肥减量20%施用对水稻产量无显著影响,但磷肥减量50%时则显著降低水稻产量,降幅达12.06%(P<0.05)。综上,施用新型肥料可有效降低田面水磷素浓度、增加作物产量,其中以增效控失肥效果最为明显;磷肥减量20%不仅能降低田面水磷素浓度且对于作物稳产有一定的效果。研究结果为巢湖流域面源污染防控及养分科学管理提供理论依据。

In order to explore the effects of phosphorus fertilizer reduction and new fertilizer application on the dynamic changes of phosphorus concentration in rice field surface water and rice yield cultivation in the Chaohu Lake Basin,a field experiment was started in May 2022 in Lujiang county,Hefei city.The experiment was set up with six treatments:control treatment(CK,no fertilizer),conventional fertilization(CF P_(2)O_(5) with 90 kg·hm^(-2) phosphorus),phosphorus application was reduced by 20% (20% PR at P_(2)O_(5) 72 kg·hm^(-2)) compared to conventional fertilization, conventional fertilization reduced phosphorus by 50% (50% PR at P_(2)O_(5) 50 kg·hm^(-2)) and efficient controlled loss fertilization (CRF, phosphorus fertilizer at P_(2)O_(5) 90 kg·hm^(-2)), slow release blended fertilizer (SRF with P_(2)O_(5) 90 kg·hm^(-2) phosphorus). The results showed that the application of the two new fertilizers reduced peak concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and soluble phosphorus (DP) in the field water, with the peak concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and soluble phosphorus (DP) decreasing by 46.02% and 42.38% versus 49.29% and 44.71%, respectively, compared to the CF treatment, with the greatest reduction observed in CRF;the treatments with 20% and 50% phosphorus fertilizer reduction also significantly reduced peak TP and DP concentrations in the field water, and the peaks decreased by 12.78%, 20.42% and 42.56%, 45.28%, respectively, compared to the CF treatment;seven days after fertilization, TP and DP concentrations in the field water in each phosphorus treatment gradually decreased to lower levels and stabilized. In terms of yield, the application of both new fertilizers significantly increased the rice yield by 2.14%-8.59% (P<0.05);a 20% reduction in phosphorus fertilizer application did not have a significant effect on the rice yield, whereas a 50% reduction in phosphorus fertilizer application resulted in a significant reduction of the rice yield by 12.06% (P<0.05). In conclusion, the application of new fertilizers can effectively reduce the concentration of phosphorus in field water and increase crop yields, and the effect of efficient controlled loss fertilization is most obvious;20% reduction of phosphorus fertilizer not only reduces the concentration of phosphorus in field water but also has a certain effect on stable crop yields. The results provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of surface pollution and scientific management of nutrients in Chao hu Lake Basin.