清末吐鲁番地区农业灾害与治理

Agricultural Disasters and Governance in Turpan during the Late Qing Dynasty

中国传统社会有着悠久而丰富的应对与战胜灾害的历史,民间社会与官僚体制都各自形成了一套应对的系统。两套系统中,官僚体制居中协调与调度,充分发挥空间优势,调动民间力量,以保障农业生产的稳定;民间社会则提供灾害的信息、应对方法与充沛民力,为政府的组织提供可能。清代是中国国家治理由核心到边缘的又一扩张时期,核心区域的灾害应对机制逐渐覆盖到边疆地区,为边疆农业生产提供了保障,又持续吸纳边疆灾害应对特殊方法,丰富国家的灾害应对经验。吐鲁番地区历来自然灾害频发,当地民众在共同的灾难面前守望相助,在克服自然灾害的过程中,不断增强国家认同与民族认同。在传统社会视野下,清末的灾害应对虽然有许多可取之处,但是,将其置于世界视野下,则突显了近代中国社会的落后与转型的艰难。

Traditional Chinese society boasts a robust history of effectively managing and sur mounting disasters,with both grassroots communities and bureaucratic structures cultivating their respective response frameworks.The bureaucratic apparatus assumes a pivotal role in or-chestrating and mobilizing resources,leveraging spatial advantages to ensure agricultural stabili-ty through collaboration with grassroots entities.Conversely,grassroots communities contribute crucial disaster information,response strategies,and manpower,offering avenues for govern-mental intervention.During the Qing Dynasty,China witnessed an expansion of governance,extending disaster response mechanisms from core regions to border areas.This initiative se-cured agricultural production and integrated specialized disaster response approaches in frontier regions,thereby enriching China's disaster management expertise.In the late Qing Dynasty,the Turpan region faced recurrent natural calamities.Despite this,local inhabitants bolstered national and ethnic identities,uniting in adversity and overcoming diverse challenges with state support.While traditional perspectives commend the disaster response during the late Qing Dy-nasty,a global outlook underscores the developmental hurdles and backwardness characterizing China's societal evolution in modern times.