气候变化国际法律框架下的损失和损害:超越责任和赔偿

Loss and Damage Under the International Climate Change Legal Framework:Transcending Liability and Compensation

损失和损害与减缓、适应一起构成气候变化国际法律框架的三大支柱。但气候变化国际法律框架并没有对损失和损害进行定义。在气候变化影响相关损失和损害华沙国际机制下,损失和损害的范围是开放的、类型是多样的。且不同于国际环境法下的环境损害,气候变化损失和损害不限于物理损害,其重心也不在于责任和赔偿,而在于全面风险管理。在气候谈判中,发展中国家与发达国家围绕损失和损害问题形成了竞争性的话语:发展中国家聚焦于责任和赔偿,发达国家聚焦于风险和保险。风险管理已经被纳入气候变化国际法律框架,相比之下,责任和赔偿问题欲进入气候变化国际法律框架的范畴存在政治和法律上的障碍。不过,责任和赔偿问题是否最终出局或者回归将取决于目前选择的道路能否在实际运行中满足“特别易受气候变化不利影响的发展中国家”有关气候正义的诉求。

Loss and damage together with mitigation and adaptation have become the three pillars of the international legal framework of climate change.The existing international legal framework does not define the concept of"loss and damage".Under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts,loss and damage is characterized with indefinite scope and diversified types.Moreover,unlike the concept of envi-ronmental damage under international environmental law,climate loss and damage is not con-fined to physical harms,and it centers not on liability and compensation but on comprehensive risk management.During the climate negotiations,developing and developed countries had con-tested narratives over loss and damage:developing countries focused on liability and compensa-tion,while developed countries emphasized risk and insurance.In contrast with the fact that risk management had already been incorporated into the international legal framework,liability and compensation remains to be accepted due to political as well as legal obstacles.Nonetheless,whether the liability and compensation issue would be out or back eventually depends on wheth-er the practical effects of the paths taken could satisfy the aspiration of""the developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change"for climate justice.