论基本权利冲突结构的范围限定

On the Scope Limitation of the Conflict Structure of Fundamental Rights

既有的基本权利冲突理论将基本权利冲突设定为“私主体—国家—私主体”三元结构,存在基本权利冲突与民事权利冲突混淆难分、基本权利冲突与民事侵权模糊不清、基本权利冲突解决方法勉强而为的困境。根据“国家保障基本权利”一般规范的本质,结合不同类别基本权利条款的具体规定,基本权利冲突结构应从“私主体—国家—私主体”结构限缩至“私主体—国家—私权力主体”结构,分为效力型和介入型两种冲突结构类型。伴随基本权利冲突结构的范围限定,基本权利冲突的理论基础和解决方法也须相应调整。在理论基础上,须厘清基本权利保护义务与私人间效力的关系,确定两者的并列关系属性;在冲突解决方法上,权利位阶方法宜调整为权力位阶方法,并对效力型冲突与介入型冲突的解决方法加以区分。

The existing theory of fundamental rights conflict sets the fundamental rights con-flict as a tripartite structure of"private subject-stateprivate subject",which leads to confu-sion between fundamental rights conflict and civil rights conflict,ambiguity between fundamen-tal rights conflict and civil infringement,and difficulty in resolving conflicts.Based on the es-sence of the general norm of"national protection of fundamental rights"and the specific provi-sions of different categories of fundamental rights clauses,the conflict structure of fundamental rights should be narrowed from the"private subjectstateprivate subject"structure to the"private subjectstateprivate power subject"structure,and divided into two types of conflict structures:effectiveness type and intervention type.With the limited scope of the fundamental rights conflict structure,the theoretical basis and solutions for fundamental rights conflict also need to be adjusted accordingly.On the theoretical basis,it is necessary to clarify the relation-ship between the obligation to protect fundamental rights and the effectiveness of fundamental rights between individuals,and determine the parallel relationship between the two;In terms of conflict resolution methods,the"right hierarchy"method should be adjusted to the"power hi-erarchy"method,and a distinction should be made between the resolution methods of the con-flict of effectiveness type and intervention type.