网络义举还是网络暴力——网络举报监督行为的边界及法律控制

Cyberheroic Act or Cyber Violence——The Boundaries and Legal Control of Network Reporting and Monitoring Behavior

在以举报或舆论监督为名而引发的网络暴力语境中,存在着举报监督行动究竟是“义举”还是“暴力”的正当性评价的争议。举报监督行为往往会引发后续的网络暴力,其本质是一种基于社会成员之间横向的社会监控,通过披露目标个体的隐私和个人信息,对目标个体进行的“私力制裁”。这种私力制裁可能对法治建设所强调的无罪推定、正当程序等价值造成冲击。防止举报监督行动从“网络义举”沦为“网络暴力”,关键在于从法律上界定网络举报、监督行为的边界,并对越界行为进行约束及制裁。网络举报、监督行为应当具有明确的权利基础和事实依据,举报人对目标个体的信息披露应符合比例原则,参与者的后续行动不得违反禁止不当联结的规范要求。在制度保障方面,国家应当对网络举报、监督行为采取审慎态度,并基于这种基本立场对网络平台和网络举报监督行为进行规范和约束,兼顾结果归责与危害预防,防控大规模的网络暴力行动,并将其导入良性的网络参与途径。

In the context of online violence in the name of reporting or public opinion supervision,there is a controversy over whether the act of reporting and supervision is a"righteous act"or"violence".The essence of online violence caused by repor-ting and supervision is based on horizontal social monitoring among members of society.On the basis of the disclosure of the priva-cy and personal information of the target individuals,the"private sanctions"are imposed on them.Such private sanctions may have an impact on the values of presumption of innocence and due process emphasized by the rule of law doctrine.The key to pre-venting whistleblowers and supervisors turning from"cyber vigilantes"to"cyber mobs"lies in defining the boundaries of online reporting and supervision in law,and restraining and sanctioning cross-border behaviors.Online reporting and supervision should have a clear basis for rights and facts,the whistleblower's information disclosure to the target individual should comply with the principle of proportionality,the follow-up actions of the participants must not violate the normative requirements prohibiting inap-propriate associations.In terms of institutional guarantees,the State should adopt a vigilant and prudent attitude towards online re-porting and monitoring behaviors.And based on this basic position,regulate and restrain online platforms and online reporting and supervision.Taking into account the attribution of results and the prevention of harms,we should prevent and control rapidly de-veloping online violence,and introduce them into benign channels for online participation.