论云冈第13窟窟顶图像的来源与传播

On the Origin and Dissemination of the Ceiling Images in Cave 13 of Yungang

云冈第13窟窟顶图像由依附于主尊身光上方的弧状纹样带与两条交缠的龙组成。窟顶依附于主尊身光上缘的弧状纹样带,最早可追溯至犍陀罗、秣菟罗地区佛教造像中尊像身后的树木,被称为“华盖式圣树”。此窟窟顶纹样带内部忍冬枝藤所结果实或代表了兜率天中“果如颇黎色”的七宝行树,与同样位于窟顶的交龙(或为护树、为树布雨的龙王)共同构成了兜率天胜景。豫北北魏背屏式造像侧面纹饰及龙门石窟北魏晚期圆楣龛圆楣、部分造像龛主尊内层身光顶部的忍冬纹都与云冈第13窟窟顶图像存在不同程度的亲缘关系。

The image of the ceiling of the 13th cave of Yungang consists of a arc-shaped band attached to the light above the main body and two intertwined dragons.The band on the ceiling,which can be traced back to the earliest depictions of trees behind the statues in the Buddhist sculptures of Gandhara and Mathura,known as the"Canopied sacred tree."The fruits of the vine branches within this band may represent the"trees with fruits like glass color"in the Tusita Heaven,which,together with the intertwined dragons(possibly dragon kings protecting the trees or bringing rain for them),form the beautiful scenery of Tusita Heaven.The side decorations of the Northern Wei back-screen statues in northern Henan and the lotus patterns on the round arches and the inner halo tops of some statues in the Longmen Grottoes during the late Northern Wei period have varying degrees of kinship with the ceiling images of Cave 13 at Yungang.