商贸驱动下汕头港市聚落的形成与形态研究

Formation and Morphology of Shantou Port Settlements Driven by Commerce

港市聚落是海岸带上因港而兴的典型商贸聚落,自古以来是海内外文化交流与商贸往来的重要桥梁。我国近代通商口岸汕头是粤东韩江流域的重要港市,其对国家贸易网络和潮汕城镇体系都产生了重要影响。以汕头港市聚落形态为研究对象,借助历史地图、经济史和地方志等相关资料,通过历史地图转译和建筑类型学等方法,梳理韩江三角洲港市群的演替规律和汕头的历史空间脉络,并着重探究以商贸为主导机制、通过自下而上的力量形成的民国初期的汕头港市聚落形态,从选址规律、空间结构和街巷体系等方面总结其形态特征,挖掘海港人居环境营建的智慧与多元文化价值,为港市聚落发展规划及遗产保护提供科学依据。

A port settlement is a commercial settlement on the coastal belt that develops around a port.Seaborne trade is the economic driver of port settlements.The port is equipped with two spatial elements:"port"and"market".The former refers to a seaport or estuary port,while the latter refers to the commercial market.Port settlements have always been a bridge for cultural communication and trade between China and foreign countries.Shantou,a modern trading port in China,is a settlement in the Han River basin in eastern Guangdong that has significantly influenced the national trade network and the Chaoshan town system.This study uses historical maps,economic history,and local records to examine the evolutionary pattern of the port settlements in the Han River Delta,reviewing the historical spatial development of Shantou through historical map translation and the architectural typology of the settlements,especially early in the Republic of China when the ports were dominated by commerce and formed through bottom-up power.The morphological features of Shantou port settlements are summarized from the perspectives of site selection laws,spatial structure,and the street system.The wisdom and diversified cultural values of human settlement construction in seaports are explored.The results can provide scientific references for developing and planning port settlements and protecting their heritage.The study concludes that there are three patterns in the spatial evolution of the port settlement cluster in the Han River Delta.First,important port settlements are distributed along tributaries of the Han River,with the highest density along the coast.Second,with changes in the navigation of different tributaries,the port settlements originated in the eastern tributaries of the Han River,dispersing into the western and northern tributaries of the river.Third,the locations of port settlements on the same tributary advanced from the hinterland to the coast with the outward relocation of ports.Seaborne trade played a vital role in the Chaoshan economy,with port settlements emerging in different stages and becoming an integral part of the Chaoshan urban system.However,their distribution layout has changed significantly along with the prosperity of Shantou.Shantou port settlements experienced the generation,development,and maturity stages from the Song Dynasty to the early Republic of China.According to the summary,the two most important mechanisms for developing port settlements are geography and commerce.The natural geographical conditions not only provided good ports and water transportation for the settlements but also limited their expansion and form.The demand for efficient transportation driven by trade and commerce determined the transportation patterns in the settlements.The morphological features of Shantou port settlements in the maturity stage are summarized from macro and meso perspectives.From the macro perspective,port settlements lie at the outlet of the Estuary Delta.These settlements have a broad economic hinterland due to the unique natural conditions of wind prevention and water depth at the confluence of three rivers and harbors.The settlements developed according to natural topography.The streets and port spaces,which have highly efficient communication with ports,dominate the spatial layout of port settlements,forming a circular landscape pattern of"sea-port-market-household".The north/south spatial division of the settlements put the Chinese in the north and foreigners in the south,with the center being the guild hall in the commercial district near the sea.From the meso perspective,the port settlements have highly mature commerce,thus forming two commercial blocks of retail and wholesale.The streets extend perpendicular to the harbor bank,forming multiple patterns such as radial,grid,and comb-like patterns.The morphology of Shantou port settlements is a part of the city's memory and unique landscape,which shall be protected and revitalized in the current urbanization.This review and summary of port settlement morphology will provide academic references for project planning and strengthen people's understanding of the settlements'diverse historical and cultural heritage.