正当防卫“明显超过必要限度”的现状检视与内涵界定

A Current Situation Review of“Obviously Exceeding the Necessary Limit”of Legitimate Defense and Its Connotation Definition

把握正当防卫与防卫过当界限的核心在于准确理解和界定防卫“明显超过必要限度”。在防卫过当司法认定中,存在着重损害结果轻防卫行为的“唯结果论”,以及防卫限度条件中的“明显超过”常常被虚置等认定偏差。基于1997年《刑法》修改正当防卫制度的立法目的及更好地保护防卫人的合法权益的政策立场,在认定“必要限度”时,立足必需说的立场,防卫行为应是最必要的有效制止不法侵害的行为限度;且这只是防卫行为认定的最低限度,超过“必要限度”并不能认定防卫人属于防卫过当,还要防卫行为达到“明显超过”必要限度的程度,才能认定为防卫过当。结合防卫行为对侵害人人身安全可能造成的损害程度进行等级划分,“明显超过”应是至少高出防卫必需限度的一个危险等级以上的行为。

The key question of boundary about legitimate defense and over-defense is how to comprehend and definite“obviously exceeding in necessary limit”in legitimate defense.In present judicial determination,there are some cognitive deviations such as the“consequentialism”that emphasizes the damage result and ignores the defense behavior,and the“obvious excess”in the defense limit condition is often ignored.Based on the legislative purpose of the modification of legitimate defense system in the Criminal Law of 1997 and the political stand to protect the legitimate rights and interests of defender more effectively,the defense act should be the most necessary limit to effectively stop the illegal infringement when determining the“necessary limit”.And it is just the minimum limit of defense behavior identification,exceeding the“necessary limit”does not identify the defender as excessive defense,and only when the defense behavior reaches the degree of“obviously exceeding”the necessary limit can it be identified as excessive defense.According to the classification of the degree of damage that may be caused by the act of defense to the personal safety of the infringer,“obviously exceeding”should be at least a dangerous level above the necessary limit of defense.