从“在丧袭爵”制到“服阕袭爵”制——汉唐间丧服礼制与袭封时间的互动

The Interaction Between Mourning Apparel and the Time of Inheritance in the Han-Tang Period

封爵制是中国古代重要典制之一,可以世袭是其本质属性。汉唐间,丧服礼制与袭封时间的双向影响过程,可以概括为从“在丧袭爵”制到“服阕袭爵”制。汉魏王朝实行前者,西晋改行后者。前者典出《尚书·顾命》,既是对周制的继承,也有汉代政局影响的因素。此制有利于确保政治权力的顺利交接,是广泛行用于人类社会的制度。但这一礼制场合,既是嗣君为前代封君服丧的场所,又是王朝举行袭封礼之时,故须直面凶嘉两种异质的礼仪在程序、服制、仪节方面的明显冲突,无法兼顾孝道与尊君两重原则,违背了“凶服不入公门”的礼学原则,面临“亲亲”与“尊尊”以及“公”与“私”的矛盾。后者是后起的三年丧制渐受尊崇并逐渐影响袭封的结果,爵制与政事的日益疏离,是此制被稳定践行的有利因素。对“周礼”顶礼膜拜的西晋王朝,反而选择了后起的“服阕袭爵”制,表明朝廷、士大夫对古礼的态度非常复杂,并非单纯地尊崇古礼、裁汰他说。经由汉晋时期经学和礼制的长期发展,礼学家对不同类型的礼仪等问题的认识更为深刻。礼制建设的因革,是礼学、礼制自身蕴含的学理与实用性碰撞的结果,亦是经典诠释、故事、学术思想、现实需要、权力格局等多股驱动力作用的产物。

The peerage system was one of the important institutions in ancient China.Its essential attribute is that it could be hereditary.During the Han-Tang period,the bidirectional influence between mourning ritual system and the time of Inheritance could be summarized as a process from“Zaisangxijue”(在丧袭爵)system to“Fuquexijue”(服阕袭爵)system.The Han and Wei dynasties carried out the“Zaisangxijue”system,and the Western Jin Dynasty changed to“Fuquexijue”system.“Zaisangxijue”system came from“Guming”of the Book of Documents(《尚书·顾命》),and was not only an inheritance of Zhou system,but also the influence of political factors in the Han Dynasty.This system was conducive to ensuring the stable transfer of political power,and was widely used in the human society.But this ceremonial occasion was both a place of mourning for the heir and a time for the dynasty to hold an inheritance ritual.Therefore,there was an obvious conflict between the two kinds of completely different rituals in terms of procedure,clothing and ceremony,and as it could not meet the dual principles of filial piety and respect for the monarch,it was inevitably trapped in ethical dilemmas.It violated basic principle that“propitious rituals and ominous rituals could not be mingled”and had to face the profound contradictions between“Qinqin”(亲亲)and“Zunzun”(尊尊),between the“public”and the“private”,between family and state and between ritual and feeling.“Fuquexijue”was the result of increasingly accepted three years mourning system and its impact on the inheritance of peerage,and the fact that peerage system gradually became nominal was a favorable factor for the practice of this system.In other words,the“jue”in both“Zaisangxijue”and“Fuquexijue”had changed,as the result of long-term collision and interaction between the feudal system and the prefecture-county system since the Qin-Han period.The change toward nominal peerage led to the separation of the succession of the throne and the succession of the peerage in terms of timing:the accession of the new emperor would not be too long after the funeral of the deceased emperor,eventually finalizing the“Fuquexijue”system.The Western Jin Dynasty,which proclaimed the ritual system of the Western Zhou Dynasty,abandoned the classical system and chose“Fuquexijue”system,reflecting that the attitude of the Western Jin court and scholar-officials towards the ancient rites was very complicated,as they did not simply respect the“Zhou rituals”and dismiss the other rites.The development of ritual thoughts and ritual system in the Han-Jin period had enhanced the systematical nature of ritual study and continuously enriched ritual practice,especially the institutionalization of the five rituals,showing that ritual scholars had a deeper understanding of different types of rituals.The evolution of ritual system in ancient China was the result of the collision between the theory and practice contained in ritual thoughts and ritual system itself,as well as the product of the interaction of different driving forces.Therefore,we could see the complicated interaction between mourning apparel and the peerage system,tradition and reality,scholarship and politics,ancient rituals and the modern system.