闻知与体认:论杨慎融通道释的生命智慧

Comprehension and Realization:On Yang Shen's Life Wisdom of Integrating Taoism and Buddhism

生命智慧植根于中华传统儒道释文化思想,展现了主体在时间与空间中安身立命的多元路径。嘉靖三年(1524),杨慎因卷入“大礼议”事件被永久流放云南永昌,其治学理念与处世价值从对儒学的拥趸转向对道释的融通。他以道释思想重构学术生命理路与身心内在平衡,从闻知与体认两个维度构建支点,实现学问的自洽与精神的自适。在闻知上,他通过老庄思想重塑生命存在观,并援引道释二家对理学与心学进行批评与修正。在体认上,他聚焦道家养性护命思想的诠释,通过任诞行为解构礼教,并对佛教展开具身的再认识,完成了生命境界的超越。同时,杨慎将道释思想融入文学书写,尝试通过文学实践调和儒道释精神结构以达至更加圆融的生命智慧。

Rooted in Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism,life wisdom demonstrates multiple paths with which the subjects settle their lives and spirits in peace.In the third year of the reign of Emperor Jiajing(1524),Yang Shen was involved in the“Da Li Yi”incident and was permanently exiled to Yongchang of Yunnan,which turned his early support for Confucianism to the integration of Taoism and Buddhism.Adopting thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism to reconstruct his academic life as well as the inner balance between body and mind,Yang Shen built fulcrums in two dimensions of comprehension and realization,aiming to achieve self-consistency in learning and spiritual self-adaption in his personal life.In terms of comprehension,he reconstructed his outlook on life with the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi and invoked Taoism and Buddhism to criticize and correct neo-Confucianism and the philosophy of the mind.In terms of realization,he focused on interpretation of Taoist thoughts of nature cultivation and life protection,deconstructed the feudal code of ethics through arbitrary behaviors,launched a new recognition of Buddhism,and achieved transcendence of life realm.Meanwhile,Yang Shen also integrated thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism into his literary writing and attempted to reconcile the spiritual structure of Confucianism,Taoism and Buddhism through literary practice in order to achieve more harmonious life intelligence.In terms of comprehension,Yang Shen reshaped the view of life existence by borrowing the philosophy of Laozi and Zhuangzi,and reflected on the formalization and pretense of Confucian etiquette.Yang Shen also criticized the sectarianism of Song Confucianists towards Buddhism and Taoism,pointing out that the prejudice of the Confucian school hindered the exchange of thoughts among the three schools,and affected the diversity and uniqueness of Confucianism.He corrected the empty and shallow style of Neo-Confucianism and the philosophy of the mind through textual research,advocated the intellectualized path of scholarship,and emphasized solving academic dilemmas through a broad and integrated knowledge network.Yang Shen's later philosophy of scholarship is not only a reconciliation of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism,but also a redefinition of his own academic life.In terms of realization,Yang Shen re-understood the thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism during his stay in Yunnan.His understanding and interpretation of the Taoist idea of protecting life enabled him to find a way to recuperate his body and mind when he was physically weak.He deconstructed etiquette through“acting wild and pretending to be crazy”,relieved his inner depression,and sought the“true self”as advocated by Zhuangzi.At the same time,the Buddhist humanistic environment in Yunnan and the Yang-school scholars had a more obvious influence on Yang Shen,which led him to accept Pang Yun's mental cultivation method of“emptying all things”before his death,thus eliminating the difficulties brought by his literary career.Yang Shen's literary practice shows his efforts to reconcile Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.In his works during his exile in Yunnan,he incorporated Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts and Buddhist Chan into his poems and insisted on writing his feelings of transcendence in the form of Confucian elegant and neutral discourse,which reflects his insistence on the purity and non-utilitarianism of literature and his patriotism.He wrote about his life experience of transcendence with Tao Yuanming's consciousness,adhered to the elegance and classic consciousness of Confucian literary and artistic views,and achieved the integration and harmony of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.To sum up,Yang Shen's life wisdom during his exile in Yunnan was the result of his profound realization and integration of the three schools of Confucianism,Buddhism and Taoism.Through the dual paths of comprehension and realization,he reconstructed the academic life and spiritual existence,and finally achieved the sublimation of life.