王朝疆域背景下的清代山脉学说

The Qing Dynasty's Theories of Mountain Ranges in the Context of Dynastic Boundaries

清代疆域对传统地理观念形成多方面挑战,首当其冲的就是《禹贡》以来有关天下山脉的宏观认知。在康熙朝全国大测绘过程中,康熙帝提出的“泰山之脉来自长白山”论和《皇舆全览图》所绘南北两大干,更新了中国传统山脉理论。《大清一统志》与《西域图志》整理西藏和西域山川,则重在天下山脉系统的延展。清中后期西北史地学热潮中,魏源等又以葱岭或冈底斯山为中心,发明出覆盖天下的新山脉论,将国土各部分联结为有机整体,成为与清代疆域相适应的国土论证。在清代国家观念塑造过程中,大地山川及其脉络扮演了极为重要的角色。

The Qing Dynasty challenged traditional geographical concepts in many ways,especially in its understanding of mountains from the time of the Yu Gong (Tribute of Yu).The mapping of the territory during the reign of Emperor Kangxi resulted in the theory that"the range of Mount Tai originates from the Changbai Mountains",an idea laid out in the Huang Yu Quan Lan Tu(Complete Atlas of the Empire),rewriting the existing theory of mountain ranges in China with"two trunks of the north and south'.The Da Qing Yi Tong Zhi(Records of the Unity of the Great Qing)and the Xi Yu Tu Zhi(Illustrated Treatise on the Western Regions)listed the mountains and rivers of Tibet and the Western Regions systematically and expanded the Chinese mountain system.During a mid-Qing surge in studies on the historical geography of Northwest China,scholars like Wei Yuan proposed a new global theory centered around the Pamir(Congling)or Gangdise Mountains and connecting the territory into a cohesive whole and providing a territorial justification for the boundaries of the Qing Dynasty.In the process of shaping national consciousness in the Qing Dynasty,the mountains,rivers and their networks played a crucial role.