总体战体制中的日本特高课

The Tokko in Japan's Total War System

1911年,日本为镇压国内社会主义运动,在内务省专设特别高等警察课即特高课,随后出台并修改《治安维持法》,以极刑威慢、惩处共产主义者。在迫追害日本共产党的同时,特高课也借口“反共”打击自由主义者,镇压“反天皇制”之宗教团体。为配合全面侵华战争和太平洋战争,特高课利用政府立法镇压“反战”民众,严密监管怠工、罢工等现象,防遇“战败言论”与“战争责任”论,将民众捆绑于侵略战争之中,极力强化并维系总体战体制。特高课既是日本维护“天皇制国体”的重要暴力工具,也是其进行对外侵略战争的助推器。

In 1911,Japan's Home Ministry established the Tokko,or Special Higher Police,to suppress the domestic socialist movement.Subsequently,the Peace Preservation Law was introduced and amended to intimidate and punish communists by capital punishment.While persecuting the Japanese Communist Party,the Tokko also used the"anti-communism"'as a pretext to target liberals and suppress religious groups of"anti-Emperor system".Further,in support of the Total War of Aggression against China and the Pacific War,the Tokko utilized government to legalize the suppression of the"anti-war"citizens,rigorously monitored sabotages and strikes,and inhibited the opinions of"defeatism"and"war responsibility"'.Thus,it strengthened the engagement of the populace in the war effort and the Total War System.As such,the Tokko not only represented an instrument of violence crucial to the maintenance of Japan's"Emperor system',but also a catalyst of its war of aggression.