数字证据及其阶梯式分类审查机制

Digital Evidence and Its Hierarchical Classification Review Mechanism

证据数字化呈现出五个基本面向--电子化、区块链化、大数据化、人工智能化和虚拟仿真化,从而形成电子数据、区块链证据、大数据证据、人工智能证据和虚拟仿真证据等五种基本的数字证据类型。由于数字技术的发展,传统电子数据概念和证据规则已不能有效涵盖和规制现有各种数字证据。基于数字空间理论以及不同类型数字证据在技术证明逻辑上的不同,应将2018年刑事诉讼法第50条第2款第8项中的“视听资料、电子数据”统一修改为一种整合开放的数字证据,以容纳因数字技术迭代升级而产生的各种数字化证据,并在司法解释中具体规定各种数字证据的审查判断规则,从而形成一种以电子数据证据规则为基础的阶梯式分类审查机制。同时,还应从证据采纳的必要性审查和实质性审查等层面,建立一种数字证据阶梯式审查的更新机制,以应对技术发展可能带来的对证据审查的冲击。

The digitization of evidence gradually presents five basic aspects of electronization,blockchainization,big digitalization,artificial intelligentization,and virtual simulation,thus forming five basic types of digital evidence,i.e.,electronic data,blockchain evidence,big data evidence,artificial intelligence evidence,and virtual simulation evidence.However,with the development of the digital technology,the traditional concepts and rules of electronic data can no longer effectively cover and regulate the existing digital evidence.Based on the theory of digital space and the differences in the logic of technical proof of different types of digital evidence,audio-visual materials and electronic data provided for in Article 50 Paragraph 2(8)of the Criminal Procedure Law should be uniformly modified into an integrated and open digital evidence to accommodate various kinds of digital evidence generated by the iterative upgrading of digital technology.In the judicial interpretation,the review of and judgment rules on various kinds of digital evidence should be specified to form a hierarchical classification review mechanism based on electronic data evidence rules.At the same time,China should also establish an update mechanism for digital evidence hierarchical review at the levels of necessity review and substantive review,so as to cope with the impact of technological development on evidence review.