俄罗斯的国家转型(1991-2021年)

Transformation of the Russian state in 1991--2021

要讨论俄罗斯的国家转型问题,需要首先明确与国家有关的核心概念,并综合分析苏联解体后30年的俄罗斯政治、经济和社会的变迁来探讨。国家被定义为在一定领土上维持合法暴力垄断的有组织的社会。国家的基本功能包括司法治理、税收、保护领土、解决争端等。20世纪90年代,苏联解体之后,俄罗斯经历了国家垄断地位的崩溃、私有化过程中寡头经济体系的出现、逃税和影子经济的蔓延,以及非法暴力集团和非正式权力结构联邦权力的挑战。普京上台后,通过打击寡头、改革税收、加强中央权威等措施,恢复了国家自主能力,包括控制关键经济领域和改善司法系统等措施。俄罗斯建立了以国家控制为特征的资本主义模式,国家掌控能源、基础设施等关键行业,并通过国有银行和主权基金来管理石油和天然气的出口收入。在国际压力和制裁的背景下,俄罗斯加强了内部政治控制,消除政治竞争对手和外国影响力,加强了警察和法院系统,推进了数字化国家服务,并增加了国防预算。今后阶段的俄罗斯国家发展仍存在很多不确定性,未来趋势难以预测,但自主脱离外部利益和以内部投入替代外部参与是十分重要的。

The question of the transformation of the state in Russia must be discussed by first clarifying the concept of the state and comprehensively analyzing the changes in Russian politics,economy and society in the 30 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union.The state is defined as an organized community that maintains a monopoly of legitimate violence in a given territory.The main functions of the state include taxation,territorial defense,dispute resolution,regulation,etc.In the 1990s,after the collapse of the Soviet Union,Russia experienced the collapse of the state monopoly,the emergence of an oligarchic economic system through privatization,tax evasion and the spread of the shadow economy,as well as challenges to federal authority from illegally operating groups and informal power structures.After coming to power,Putin restored the independent potential of the state through measures such as suppressing the oligarchs,reforming taxation and strengthening central authority,including control over key areas of the economy and improving the judicial system.Russia has created a capitalist model characterized by state control,with the state controlling key industries such as energy and infrastructure and managing revenues from oil and gas exports through state-owned banks and sovereign wealth funds.In the face of international pressure and sanctions,Russia has tightened domestic political controls by eliminating political rivals and foreign influence,strengthened its police and judicial systems,developed digital government services,and increased its defense budget.Much uncertainty remains about the next stage of Russia's national development,and future trends are difficult to predict,but self-detaching from external interests and replacing external involvement with domestic investment is important.