从明清闽南地区正音书系“异文”看闽南方言词汇的变化更替

The Changes and Alternation of Minnan Dialect Vocabulary from the Perspective of the“Different texts”of Zhengyin Books in Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期闽南地区存在一系列为学习官话而编撰的方言与正音相互对照、依义类汇编词语的正音书。它们既展现明末至晚清200多年官话词汇和闽南方言词汇的真实面貌,也呈现出同一类文献的多版本、多文本现象。这些正音书记录着一批表达同一概念的“异文”语料,研究者可以从中管窥明清闽南方言词汇的构词语素变化、异形词来源及正音词和方言词之间的竞争发展现象,进而证明尽管闽南方言具有较强的存古保守性,但其词汇却处于动态变化中,表现出构词方式灵活多变、词汇形式不稳定、方言词与通语词交替互换等特点。

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,there existed a series of Zhengyin books,which were compiled for learning Mandarin,comparing dialects with Zhengyin,and compiling words according to their meanings.They not only showed the real face of Mandarin and southern Fujian dialect vocabulary from the late Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty,but also showed the phenomenon of multiple versions and multiple texts of the same kind of documents.These Zhengyin books recorded a number of“different texts”that exepressed the same concept,which can help researchers to understand the morphological changes of the vocabularies of Minnan dialect in the Ming and Qing dynasties,the source of the variant,and the competition and development between standard words and dialect words,and further proved that although Minnan dialect has a strong archaic conservatism from the perspective of Ming and Qing Dynasty literature.The vocabulary of Minnan dialect has been in dynamic change,showing the characteristics of flexible word formation,unstable lexical forms,and the alternation between dialect words and common words.