六代苗族制笙家族传统技艺的田野考察与多重文化身份研究(上)——以滇东北次方言苗族王氏家族的芦笙制作为研究对象

A Traditional Art of Miao Gou Making by a Miao Family of Six Generations and An In-depth Research in Multifaceted Culture Identity--Taking the Gou Production of the Wang Family of the Miao Ethnic Group in the Sub-dialect of Northeastern Yunnan as the Research Object(Part One)

滇东北次方言苗族民间艺人王杰锋的苗族传统芦笙制作技艺,入选第一批国家级非物质文化遗产项目。王氏家族的芦笙制作,到王杰锋之子王爱华这一辈人,已经传承了六代。王氏独到的簧片改良、牢固的树皮箍、自然衔接不漏气的穿管技术等,使其制作的芦笙得到了社会上的广泛认可。王氏以滇东北次方言苗语的六个声调为标准,以本支系的语言发音为参照而制作的传统六管芦笙,既传承了苗族人的传统文化,又满足了本支系的传统民俗仪式和日常生活需求。芦笙的制作并非易事,它要求制作者必须掌握相关的木匠、铁匠等各种技能,同时还要具备相关的语言、音律和文化等方面的知识,才能成为一名合格的芦笙制作者。王氏家族制作苗族芦笙的技艺受到苗族民众的尊重,他们制作的苗族芦笙也得到苗族民众的普遍认可。

What is introduced here in this research paper is a very special Gou developed by Wang Jie Feng’s family,which has been on China’s first list of China National Intangible Cultural Heritages.Wang Jie Feng’s Family belongs to a clan of Miao ethnic group,who has inhabited in the northeast of Yunnan province of China.Mr.Wang Ai Hua(son of Mr.Wang Jie Feng)is the sixth generation of Wang’s family professionally making the Gou musical instrument.The language spoken by Miao clan of Wang’s family belongs to a sub-dialect of northeastern Yunnan.Gou making is a serious art that requires the maker skilled in fine woodworking,fine smithery and other skillful hardworking.At the same time,a qualified Gou luthier is required to have a good knowledge of language related to the art and history of Gou making,music theory such as tonality and temperament.The Gou handmade by Wang’s family has been famous for its refined craftsmanship and innovative developments in reed and airtight tube and strong built with tree barks.Wang’s Gou is a six-note-scale woodwind instrument,and these six notes are born out of the six tonalities of the Miao language spoken by the Miao clan that Wang’s family belongs to.This music instrument together with all the music created for it carries the culture and lifestyle of the Miao ethnic group.Wang’s family has won a lot of respects from their fellow Miao clans for the fine Gou music instrument they have made.