新型政治共同体的塑造——马克思对“国家-社会”二元分立的扬弃及当代启示

Shaping A New Political Community:Marx's Sublation of State-Society Dualism and its Implications for Modern Times

国家与社会关系是马克思主义理论和政治学研究中极其重要的问题,若以某位思想家为中介考察西方“国家-社会”关系史,首推马克思。西方“国家-社会”二元分立的政治传统成型于资本主义发展的历史过程,该现象未见于中国政治传统和历史。马克思深刻揭示了资本主义国家与市民社会的复杂关系,科学阐释了政治国家的生成与本质。其国家学说首提“国家消亡”,破除了以往国家学说的形而上学,指出扬弃“国家-社会”分立后走向共产主义社会的历史发展图景。不同于西方“国家-社会”二元分立的社会观念,中国政治传统的独特历史决定了中华民族现代文明中独树一帜的整体逻辑。审思马克思对“国家-社会”关系的洞见,对理解中华文明政治传统和中国式现代化、中华民族现代文明的关系,超越西方“国家-社会”二元分立困局,有重要的理论价值与现实启示。

The relationship between state and society is one of the most important thematic concerns in the Marxist theory and Western political science.One finds no thinkers better than Marx as the intellectual gateway to the depth of the question.The state-society dualism is not a natural political phenomenon in the West;rather,it arose from the development of capitalism,which was unseen in Chinese political tradition and history.Marx's historical materialism profoundly unveils the complicated intertwining between political state and civil society,giving insight into the nature of political state and its process of formation.For the first time,Marx announces the perishing of the state,discrediting the metaphysics of state power.The Marxist view predicts the eradication of class rule,the destined perishing of the state,and the final unity of free human beings in a communist commonwealth.The lack of the dual structure of state and society in Chinese history determines a particular holistic blueprint of Chinese modernization and modern Chinese civilization.A reflection on Marx's proposition concerning the state sheds light on the link between Chinese modernization and Chinese political culture,as well as the possibility of transcending the impasse of Western state-society dualism.