经济制裁的诞生与国际法秩序的重塑——以第一次世界大战中的封锁与禁运品管制规则演变为切入

The Birth of Economic Sanction and the Reshaping of International Legal Order:With Blockade and Embargo in the World War I as the Point of Departure

第一次世界大战是人类面对的第一场真正意义上的总体战,在这场战争中,交战双方为了赢得胜利,发明了众多的新式武器与作战手段,其中产生深远影响的当属协约国对同盟国实施的,包括封锁、禁运品管制、金融制裁、没收敌方资产等措施在内的经济制裁。经济制裁的兴起推动了战争法的重塑,尤其体现在三个方面:战斗人员与非战斗人员区分的模糊化、中立制度的衰落以及正义战争理论的回归。这意味着战前的欧洲公法体系与战后的国际法体系之间存在巨大的断裂,而这一断裂也为日后“新帝国”的崛起做了铺垫。然而,战后被设计为捍卫新秩序的核心武器的经济制裁并未能将战争彻底消灭,恰恰相反,作为普世秩序大棒的经济制裁与作为“大空间”抵抗外部干涉的自给自足政策之间发生的恶性循环,在二十年后再次将世界拖入战火之中。

The First World War was the first real general war of humankind,in which the warring parties invented many new weapons and means of warfare in order to win,among which the economic sanctions imposed by the Triple Entente on the Central Powers had a profound impact.The sanctions included blockades,embargo,financial sanctions,and confiscation of enemy assets.The emergence of economic sanctions led to a reshaping of the laws of war in three ways:the blurring of the distinction between combatants and non-combatants,the decline of the system of neutrality,and the return to the doctrines of just war.This means that there was a huge rupture between the pre-war system of European public law and the post-war system of international law,and this rupture paved the way for the rise of the“new empire”in times to come.However,economic sanctions,which had been designed as the core weapon to defend the new post-war order,failed to eliminate war altogether.Quite the opposite,the vicious circle between economic sanctions as the big stick to keep the universal order and economic self-sufficiency for ensuring“Grofraum”and fending off“external interventions”eventually dragged the world into war again two decades later.