基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因编辑及其在甘蓝型油菜中的应用

CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing and its application in Brassica napus L.

油菜是世界第二大油料作物,同时也是我国最主要的食用植物油来源。长期以来,油菜育种工作者尝试通过传统育种策略培育良种。然而,甘蓝型油菜是种间杂交后双二倍进化而来的异源四倍体物种,其基因组中存在较多基因冗余现象。因此,通过人工杂交选择、随机诱变等传统遗传方法改良性状效率非常低。近年来,CRISPR/Cas9技术以其高效、简便的独特优势,已广泛应用于多倍体油菜的基因功能研究和定向遗传改良。为了能够快速高效地对甘蓝型油菜进行种质资源创新和遗传改良,将CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术应用于甘蓝型油菜恰逢其时。本文综述了目前CRISPR/Cas9系统应用于油菜基因功能研究和遗传改良的研究进展,涉及油菜产量、含油量和脂肪酸组成、生物和非生物胁迫耐受性等重要农艺性状,并探讨了油菜基因编辑存在的局限性以及未来发展的方向。

Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world and the most important source of edible vegetable oil in China.Rapeseed breeders have attempted to breed elite varieties through traditional breed⁃ing schemes for a long time.However,Brassica napus L.is an allotetraploid species that evolved from dou⁃ble diploidization after interspecific hybridization,and there is a significant amount of gene redundancy in its genome.Therefore,the efficiency of improving traits through traditional genetic methods including artificial hybridization selection and random mutagenesis is very low.In recent years,CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been widely used in studying gene function and targeted genetic improvement of polyploid rapeseed due to its unique advantages of high efficiency and simplicity.It is timely to apply CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing tech⁃nology to Brassica napus L.for the rapid and efficient innovation of germplasm resource and genetic im⁃provement.This article reviewed the progress towards the application of CRISPR/Cas9 system in studying gene function and genetic improvement of rapeseed,involving important agronomic traits such as yield,the content of oil,the composition of fatty acid,the tolerance of biological and abiotic stress.The limitations of gene editing in rapeseed and the directions for future development were discussed as well.