明清时期张家口“市圈保正行”考论

Research on the"Baozheng Guild of the Trading Area"of Zhangjiakou in Ming and Qing Dynasties

张家口的“市圈”设于隆庆五年,明代逢市而开、易罢即闭,清代则成为票商聚集、铺开其里、日日交易的买卖之城。明代对入市商民“先以名藉告关吏”,清代则在市圈实施了商民自治的保甲制。前往北疆地区贸易领部票的商号统谓票商,票商的同业行会是为票行。票商字号独占了保正职位,票行垄断了市圈的行政自治,由此形成了“市圈保正行”。市圈保正行的形成和运作,对维护市圈乃至整个张家口的营商环境和商业秩序发挥过重要作用,对张家口的繁荣和发展亦功不可没。

Zhangjiakou's"Trading Area"was set up in the fifth year of Longqing in the Ming Dynasty,it was only opened on market days and closed immediately when trading was done.In the Qing Dynasty,it became a place where merchants with licence opened shops and could trade every day.In the Ming Dynasty,merchants who entered the trading area had to'registered with customs officials,while in the Qing Dynasty,the Baojia system of merchants autonomy was implemented in the trading area.Merchants went to northern Xinjiang were called the merchants with licences,and the guilds of those merchants of the same trade were called the guilds of merchants with licences.Merchants with licences occupied the position of Baozheng,and the guilds of merchants with licences monopolized the administrative autonomy of the trading area,thus forming the"Baozheng guild of the trading area".The formation and operation of the Baozheng guild of the trading area has played an important role in maintaining the business environment and order of the trading area and even the whole city,and also contributed to the prosperity and development of Zhangjiakou.