空间重构与语言调适:易地扶贫搬迁新建民族乡村社区语言生活考察

Spatial Reconstruction and Linguistic Adaptation:An Investigation into Language Dynamics in Newly-Established Ethnic Rural Communities Following Poverty Alleviation Relocation

“十三五”时期,我国实施并完成了大规模贫困人口易地扶贫搬迁工程,从根本上阻断了贫困的代际传递。因易地扶贫搬迁而组建的新社区,带来了乡村聚落在生产、生活、关系等诸多方面的空间重构并成为实施乡村振兴战略的一个重要依托点。生活环境的变化势必带来语言变化,基于四川省凉山州甘哈觉莫易地扶贫搬迁集中安置点调查,抽样获得119个有效样本,量化分析了新建民族乡村社区的语言生活状况。社区公共空间语言环境双语化、政务用语的国家通用语言趋同发展是社区空间下语言大环境的重要特征;乡村振兴触发了国家通用语言的“资本”效应并激发了社员国家通用语言学习的心理需求;但社区依然存在的日常语言交际环境单一化、社员国家通用语言能力不均衡、语言效能认知偏差等仍成为制约民族乡村社区进一步释放生产力的不可忽视的语言因素。强化社区群体语言资本建设、构建完善的国家通用语言普及推广体系是当前乃至今后民族地区乡村振兴发展中的一项重要而基础性的工作。

This paper premises that the Ganhajuemo relocation site—i.e.the largest centralized resettlement community for impoverished households in Xide County,Liangshan Prefecture,Sichuan Province—serves as both a landmark project in poverty alleviation and a model project for rural revitalization.In addition,it arguably holds dual value for sociological and linguistic research.For that reason this study undertakes a quantitative analysis of the language dynamics of this newly established ethnic rural community,including language usage in communal spaces,evaluation of members'language proficiency and awareness among community members,as well as their educational needs pertaining to both spoken and written Standard Chinese.This article furthermore argues that the predominant linguistic feature within its community spaces is bilingualism,characterized by the coexistence of local tongues and Standard Chinese.This bilingual landscape not only fosters a dual emotional identity but also provides a foundation for the Chinese national community consciousness and ethnic cultural inheritance in the community.The bilingual administrative fluency of community leaders,particularly their proficiency in spoken standard Chinese,has been positioning them at the forefront of developing and effectively implementing various grassroots initiatives in ethnic communities.Findings show this has facilitated vital organizational revitalization and catalyzed transformative changes in the community's linguistic environment.However,despite the administrative bilingualism,daily communication among community members predominantly occurs in their own ethnic languages,thereby maintaining a linguistically homogeneous environment.Evaluations of language proficiency and cognition reveal uneven development in members'command of Standard Chinese,with many exhibiting limited proficiency in speaking and listening skills.Outcomes further suggest that there are differences in the adoption,proficiency,and efficiency of oral and written Standard Chinese among community members.Nevertheless,many locals appear to believe that possessing the ability of the standard language can improve communication and job prospects,conceivably demonstrating the language's power as a communication tool for ethnic communities undergoing resettlement and revitalization measures.In fact,research data seems to show a positive correlation between standard language proficiency and community members'economic income.Language barriers indeed frequently impede economic advancement,thereby stalling development prospects.The revitalization policies of rural areas have triggered the“capital”effect of Standard Chinese,significantly augmenting individuals'take-home pay.This“language capital”effect thus has spurred a psychological and financial need to learn the standard language,resulting in a decreasing percentage of those unwilling to learn,albeit at varying levels.Based on empirical analysis,this article believes in an interdependent relationship between standard language proficiency and rural revitalization,forming an inseparable whole:Rural revitalization can effectively stimulate the“information tool”function and capital effect of the standard language,enabling individuals to overcome communication barriers and actively participate in countryside construction,contributing to rural revitalization.As a result,this paper proposes prioritizing language issues by enhancing linguistic capital,fostering multilingual communication in ethnic rural communities,strengthening education and literacy initiatives for grassroots workers and young-to-middle-aged ethnic populations,rectifying biases regarding the efficacy of Standard Chinese,and facilitating accessible pathways to Standard Chinese Language acquisition within these communities.These measures are deemed crucial and fundamental for future revitalization of ethnic villages.