构建“经济安全国家”:相互依赖时代的美国竞争战略

Constructing the“Economic Security State”:U.S.Competitive Strategy in the Age of Interdependence

在大国竞争重新成为美国对外政策的主轴后,如何在新的、相互依赖的国际体系中展开竞争、趋利避害就成为美国政策界的核心关切。相关研究在视角和原则上均延续了冷战时期的类似讨论,关注国家应对外部安全压力和维护核心价值之间的关系,主张在长期的大国竞争中制定追求适度安全、平衡安全和发展需要的竞争政策,并据此构建与政策相匹配的国内体制。在当今美国,上述研究正围绕什么是经济安全,美国面临着何种经济安全形势,应该构建什么样的“经济安全国家”等议题展开。基于不同的对华认识,美国在经济安全问题上存在两种大相径庭的认识。一者主张只有“全面脱钩”才能确保经济安全,另一者主张美国能够依靠“去风险”来兼顾安全和发展需要。拜登政府也是这场争论的参与者,其对经济安全的认知也随着俄乌冲突的爆发和中美力量对比的消长而变化。相对于特朗普政府,拜登政府收窄了经济安全的定义,没有将中美经济关系全面“安全化”,也没有大刀阔斧地重构国内的经济安全机构,而是选择了一条更为温和平衡的战略路径。透过考察美国如何设计和构建“经济安全国家”,可以更加精准地理解美国的对华竞争战略,也有助于中国更好地统筹发展与安全的关系,妥善应对这一竞争。

As great power competition has once again become the central focus of U.S.foreign policy,a key concern for American policymakers is how to compete effectively and strike a balance between risks and rewards in an increasingly interdependent international system.Current discussions and debates echo those from the Cold War era both in perspectives and principes,the main focus of which is the balance between managing external security pressures and upholding Americas core values.It mainly advocates for a competitive strategy that seeks a moderate balance between security concerns and development goals during prolonged great power competition,with corresponding domestic institutions to support these policies.In todays Washington,the debates mainly revolve around the nature of economic security,the economic security challenges facing the U.S.,and what kind of“economic security state”should be constructed.Diverging views on China lead to two sharply contrasting approaches to economic security.One approach argues that complete“decoupling”from China is the only way to ensure U.S.economic security,while the other contends that the U.S.can achieve both security and development through“de-risking”.The Biden administration is actively involved in the debates,and its understanding of economic security has evolved in response to the Ukraine crisis and the shifting balance of power between China and the U.S..Compared to the Trump administration,Bidens approach has narrowed the definition of economic security and avoided a wholesale securitization of China-U.S.economic relations.Instead of radically restructuring domestic economic security institutions,the Biden Admiration has pursued a relatively moderate and balanced strategic approach.Examining how the U.S.designs and constructs its economic security state will help us better understand its competitive strategy toward China and help us better manage our own security and development needs as we manage the competition with the U.S..