行政犯的立法扩张与司法限缩——以违法性认识为中心的考察

Legislative Expansion and Judicial Restriction of Administrative Offenders: A Study Centered on Understanding Illegality

行政犯立法扩张带来的犯罪圈尤其是轻罪圈的扩张备受质疑,集中体现在对于违背刑法谦抑性的担忧和对于象征性立法的批判。谦抑的最终实现是刑罚的退位或减让,而非立法对社会风险的坐视不管;象征性立法通过回应舆情民意实现初步社会治理的功能值得肯定。庞杂且专业的行政规则并不在一般人的“常识、常情、常理”认知中,违法性认识推定必然会导致“强人所难”,侵蚀自由。随着行政犯时代的全面到来,违法性认识应当成为行政犯罪的必备条件。违法一元论无法解决违法性认识和责任之间的比例或均衡问题,只有将违法性认识限缩解释为刑事违法性认识,才符合主客观一致原则,实现罪责刑的均衡。以犯罪主观构成要件中的罪过要素为基础可以将违法性认识错误分为疏忽大意型、过于自信型和意外型认识错误三类,依照罪责刑相适应原则可对其减免一定的刑事责任。

The expansion of the criminal circle,especially the misdemeanor circle brought about by the expansion of administrative crime legislation,has been questioned,which is mainly reflected in the concerns about vio⁃lating the modesty of the criminal law and the criticism of symbolic legislation.But in fact,the ultimate re⁃alization of humility is the abdication or reduction of penalties,rather than legislation sitting idly by on so⁃cial risks.At the same time,the function of symbolic legislation to achieve preliminary social governance by responding to public opinion is worthy of recognition.Complicated and professional administrative rules are not in the“common sense”cognition of ordinary people,and the presumption of awareness of illegali⁃ty will inevitably lead to“overwhelmed”and eroding freedom.With the coming of the era of administrative crimes,awareness of illegality should become a necessary condition for administrative crimes.At the same time,the monism of illegality cannot solve the problem of proportion or balance between illegality cogni⁃tion and responsibility.Only by narrowing the illegality cognition as criminal illegality cognition can it con⁃form to the principle of subjective and objective consistency and realize the balance of crime,responsibili⁃ty and punishment.