摘要
Objective:This comprehensive review aims to explain the disease pathophysiology,clinical presentation,and management options.Methods:A review was carried out in the following databases:Medline,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane.The following terms were used alone and combined:Retrograde,Cricopharyngeus muscle,Dysfunction,Abelchia,and inability to burp.Results:A total of 68 articles were identified,and only 11 were found to be relevant and included in writing this review.Retrograde cricopharyngeal dysfunction(R-CPD)is a relatively new disease entity that has recently been described in clinical literature.It is caused by the inability of the cricopharyngeus muscle to relax.Unlike cricopharyngeal dysfunction(CPD),which is well-known and characterized by dysphagia,R-CPD is characterized by the inability to belch in almost all patients,which is considered diagnostic for the condition.Conclusions:High-resolution manometry(HRM)is the definitive diagnostic modality.Most patients reported in the literature responded well to treatment with botulinum toxin injection.
