马克思主义经典作家关于工业文明与传统乡村社会权力现代化论纲

An Outline of Marxist Classical Authors’on the Modernization of Industrial Civilization and Traditional Rural Social Power

马克思、恩格斯和列宁生活的年代恰值工业革命推动西欧、俄国生产方式的划时代变革,由小农社会转向工业社会。他们敏锐地觉察到工业化对传统乡村社会权力体系的瓦解与新型社会关系的形塑。小农生产方式的存续将社会人口主体的农民束缚在土地上,从而建构了以普遍人身依附关系为特征的日常生活,构成了传统乡村社会权力的内生基石。而只有到了工业化时代,随着贸易的扩张,农业外自由、平等就业机会的大量出现,农民才能真正意义上走出乡土,挣脱土地的束缚,实现个人经济的相对独立,以致人身依附逐渐解除。尤为重要的是,劳动社会化为妇女解放,成为真正的“半边天”奠定了坚实的基础。经典作家的相关论述,有助于我们清晰认识转型时期乡村社会权力的演变路径,探寻其中合理和不合理的面相及根源,推进乡村治理的现代化。

Marx,Engels and Lenin lived at a time when the Industrial Revolution was driving an epochal change in the mode of production in Western Europe and Russia,shifting from a small peasant society to an industrial society.They were keenly aware of the disintegration of the traditional rural social power system and the shaping of new social relations by industrialization.The survival of the smallholder mode of production bound the peasants,who were the main demographic group of society,to the land,thus constructing a daily life characterized by a generalized relationship of personal dependence,which constituted the endogenous cornerstone of the power of the traditional rural society.Only in the age of industrialization,with the expansion of trade and the emergence of a large number of free and equal employment opportunities outside agriculture,could the peasants really go out of the countryside,break free from the land,and realize their relative personal economic independence,so that their personal dependence was gradually lifted.What’s more,the socialization of labor laid a solid foundation for the emancipation of women and their emergence as the real“half the sky”.The relevant discussions of the classic writers help us to clearly understand the evolution of social power in the countryside during the transition period,to explore the rational and irrational aspects and root causes,and to promote the modernization of rural governance.