海参多糖的结构、活性及构效关系研究进展

Research Progress on Structure,Activity and Structure-Activity Relationship of Sea Cucumber Polysaccharides

海参是一种具有重要经济价值的无脊椎动物,在亚洲国家被广泛用作滋补食品,具有极高的营养价值。海参多糖作为海参的重要活性物质之一,具有抗凝血、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、免疫调节和改善胰岛素抵抗等多种生物学活性。海参多糖包括岩藻糖基化硫酸软骨素(fucosylated chondroitin sulfate,FCS)和岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(fucoidan,FUC)两种,其中FCS存在于海参体壁中,具有类似于哺乳动物硫酸软骨素的主链结构。与海参FCS相比,海参FUC的化学结构较为简单,是一种仅有α-L-岩藻糖和硫酸酯基组成的线性多糖。研究表明,海参多糖的结构特性(分子质量、硫酸化岩藻糖分支、硫酸基含量及其硫酸化模式等)对其生物学活性具有较大的影响。目前,对于海参多糖生物学活性的研究较多,但对其化学结构却缺乏系统的研究和分析。本文在重点介绍海参多糖化学结构的基础上,对其生物学活性、作用机制以及与其结构之间的构效关系进行归纳总结,以期为海参多糖的进一步研究及应用提供参考依据。

The sea cucumber is an invertebrate with significant economic value and is extensively consumed as a tonic food in Asian countries due to its high nutritional value.Sea cucumber polysaccharides,important bioactive substances found in sea cucumbers,exhibit diverse biological activities,including anticoagulant,antitumor,antioxidant,immunomodulatory,and insulin resistance-alleviating activities.Sea cucumber polysaccharides include fucosylated chondroitin sulfate(FCS)and fucoidan(FUC).FCS exists in the body wall of sea cucumbers and has a backbone structure similar to that of mammalian chondroitin sulfate.Compared with sea cucumber FCS,sea cucumber FUC has a simpler chemical structure and is a linear polysaccharide consisting of onlyα-L-fucose and sulfate groups.It has been shown that the structural properties of sea cucumber polysaccharides(molecular mass,sulfated fucose branches,sulfate group content and sulfation patterns)have a large influence on their biological activities.At present,there are many studies on the biological activities of sea cucumber polysaccharides,but systematic research and analysis on their chemical structures are still lacking.This review focuses on outlining the chemical structures,biological activities,action mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of sea cucumber polysaccharides,with a view to providing a reference for further research and application of sea cucumber polysaccharides.