亚当·斯密社会科学方法论中的制度主义思想探析

An Analysis of Adam Smith's Institutionalism in the Methodology of Social Science

在传统研究对斯密无政府主义、自由主义、人性自利观、守夜人政府理论的固有认知下,亚当·斯密之方法论被教条地认为是绝对的个人主义立场。揭开斯密“绝对个人主义方法论”的面纱,斯密语境下的“自由主义”或“经济自由”则是涵摄于秩序规范内的自由而非不受法律规制、制度规范的绝对自由。斯密之方法论体系是在个人主义方法论的基础上,辅之以制度主义的调和而形塑出的一种平衡的方法论。个体自由之限度亦是以法律规范、宪法本位以及道德伦理约束为边界的。制度涵摄下的个人自由才是斯密语境中之个人主义方法论立场。以制度化规范为内涵的正当约束机制才是社会秩序、经济秩序、伦理秩序稳定的前提。如此,个人本位意义上的权利才会有所保障。

Under the traditional research's inherent cognition of Smith's anarchism,liberalism,human self-interest and nightwatchman government theory,Adam.Smith's methodology is doggedly regarded as an absolutely individualistic position.Revealing the veil of Smith's"methodology of absolute individualism",the"liberalism"or"economic freedom"in the context of Smith refers to the freedom contained in the order norm rather than the absolute freedom free from legal regulation and institutional norm.Smith's methodology system is a balanced methodology which is formed on the basis of individualism methodology and supplemented by the harmonization of institutionalism.The limits of individual freedom are also bounded by legal norms,constitutional standards and moral and ethical constraints.Individual freedom in the context of institution is the methodological position of individualism in Smit's context.The proper restraint mechanism with institutionalized norms is the prerequisite for the stability of social order,economic order and ethical order.In this way,the rights in the sense of individual will be protected.