清末广东新军编练与庚戌革命的基层动员

The Organization and Training of New Army in Guangdong and the 1910 Insurgence:Mass Mobilization at Grassroots Level in Late Qing

清末广东新军革命,呈现中、高级军官少,而基层士兵多的特征,与编练制度密切相关。按制士兵招募须为“良家子弟”,其渴望阶层上升,而晋升军官则要求军事学堂出身,中、高等军事学堂名额尤其稀缺,希望渺茫。虽有学兵营作为补救措施,以培养基层弁目,吸引力究属有限。加以广东频繁爆发起义,清廷防备綦严,人为阻扰粤籍下级军官的上升空间,导致革命种子萌生于军队底层。同盟会南方支部因应形势,利用江南运动新军的经验,仅半年便策反过半士兵和许多下级军官。不过由于缺乏中、高级的革命军官,军事人才欠缺,无法实施有效的组织掌控。己酉除夕的兵警冲突扩大化表面上是意外,实际从基层革命军官的应变看,他们仍难以控制这支五千多人的新军队伍。此役集中反映广东新军革命的大势已成,走向胜利则仍需解决人才、组织等具体问题。

The present paper,reexamining the reasons of gengxu-year(1910)insurgence staged by New Army of Guangdong,which should be attributed to the much lower upward mobility within the Army and the mobi-lization effort made by the southern branch of Tongmenghui,concludes that the revolutionaries then did need to improve their human resources and organization though the tide of revolution of New Army had already been unlikely to turn back.