铷和铯离子的分离提取技术研究进展

Research Progress on the Extraction and Separation Technology of Rubidium and Cesium Ions

随着科技的高速发展,铷和铯因其优异的理化性质,应用范围不再局限于催化剂、特种玻璃、医学等传统领域,在磁流体发电、离子推进器和钙钛矿电池等新型能源领域也有了一席之地。我国的铷铯资源主要存在于矿石和盐湖卤水中,从矿石中提取铷和铯的工艺比较成熟,主要有硫酸浸出法和焙烧—水浸法,该方法仍存在工艺流程复杂,能量消耗大等问题,且大量尾气排放会对环境产生一定影响,不符合绿色产业理念,对实现我国的“双碳”目标具有较大的影响。从盐湖卤水中提取铷、铯一般采用溶剂萃取法和离子交换法等技术,这些方法具有工艺流程简单、连续性强、能耗低、低排放等优势,具有更广阔的发展前景。文章综述了铷铯的资源现状、目前的提取难点和现阶段技术研究进展,深入探讨了硫酸浸出法、焙烧—水浸法、萃取法和离子交换法等技术的优缺点,并展望了未来铷、铯提取技术的发展方向。

With the rapid development of science and technology in recent years,rubidium and cesium are not limited to traditional fields such as catalyst,special glass and medicine because of their excellent physi‐cal and chemical properties,but have a place in high-tech fields such as magnetohydrodynamic power gen‐eration,ion thruster propellant and new energy sources such as perovskite solar cells.Rubidium and cesium resources in China mainly exist in ores and brine of salt lakes,the process of extracting rubidium and ce‐sium from ores is relatively mature,mainly sulfuric acid leaching method and roasting-water leaching method,there are still problems such as complex process flow and large energy consumption,and a large amount of tail gas emission will have a certain impact on the environment,which is not in line with the con‐cept of green industry,and has a great impact on the realization of China.It is not in line with the green in‐dustry concept and has a great impact on the realization of“double carbon”target in China.The extraction of rubidium cesium from salt lake brine generally adopts technologies such as solvent extraction and ion ex‐change method,which have the advantages of simple process,strong continuity,low energy consumption and low emission,and have broader development prospects.This paper reviews the current status of ru‐bidium cesium resources,the current extraction difficulties and the progress of technical research at the present stage,discusses in depth the advantages and disadvantages of sulfuric acid leaching,roasting-water leaching,extraction and ion exchange methods and other technologies,and looks forward to the future de‐velopment direction of rubidium cesium extraction technology.