从矿石中提取铷铯的研究综述

A Review on Extraction of Rubidium and Cesium from Ores

碱金属铷和铯具有优异的理化特性,在航空航天、国防军工等高精尖行业具有不可替代的独特用途。目前全球铷、铯商业化产品全部来自矿石资源。文章详细综述了铯榴石、锂云母、铁锂云母、富铷花岗岩等不同矿石中铷、铯的提取方法。这些铷、铯的载体是结构牢固难以破坏的硅酸盐矿物,需要在高温盐焙烧、高酸或高碱的环境条件下才能实现矿相重构,进而释放铷、铯离子进入溶液。矿石中铷铯的提取方法具有高度的相似性,主要涉及硫酸法、石灰石烧结法、硫酸盐焙烧法、压煮法和氯化焙烧法等。随着量子科技、5G技术、航空航天等领域的不断发展,尤其是掺杂铷、铯的钙钛矿型太阳能电池有望商业化应用,未来全球铷、铯需求量将急剧上升。展望未来,应加强矿石中伴生铷、铯的提取与综合利用,拓展铷、铯的下游应用。

Alkali metals rubidium and cesium has irreplaceable applications in aerospace,defense and mili‐tary industries and other high-tech industries,because of their excellent physical and chemical properties.So far,all the commercial products of rubidium and cesium are produced from ore resources.The methods for extracting rubidium and cesium from different mineral resources such as pollucite,lepidolite,zinnwaldite and rubidium-rich granite are reviewed in this paper.These rubidium and cesium are existed in silicate minerals with strong structure and difficult to be destroyed.The mineral phase reconstruction of these ores are only achieved under the environmental conditions of high temperature salt roasting,high acid or high alkali,with rubidium and cesium ions released into the solution.It is highly similar to extract ru‐bidium and cesium from different ores,mainly involving sulfuric acid method,limestone sintering method,sulfate roasting method,pressure cooking method and chlorination roasting method.With the rapid development of quantum technology,5G technology and aerospace,especially perovskite solar cells doped with rubidium and cesium are expected to be commercialized,the global demand for rubidium and cesium will rise sharply in the future.Looking forward to the future,the extraction and comprehensive utili‐zation of rubidium and cesium associated with ore should be strengthened,and the downstream application of rubidium and cesium should be expanded.