责任财产保全与债权实现:债权人撤销权制度的两种构造模式

Liability Property Preservation and Claim Realization:Two Models of the Creditor Avoidance System

债权人撤销权制度存在两种理论定位:一是为多数立法例所采的实体定位,该定位下债权人撤销权制度独立于执行程序,主张撤销者债权无需到期,保全范围及于成立于诈害行为前的所有债权;二是以德国法为代表的执行定位,该定位依托执行程序,适格撤销权人需取得执行依据并证明强制执行无法使其完全受偿。实体定位以保全责任财产为目的,当债务人濒临或陷入事实破产,债权人群体对责任财产间接的价值支配力外显,债务人在作出财产处分时有义务为债权人群体利益考虑,债权人群体有权对违背此义务的诈害行为主张救济;执行定位以执行阶段特定债权的实现为直接目标,债权人通过撤销在某种意义上实现了查封效力的追溯。相较而言,实体定位的理论架构更为完整,而执行定位更行之有效。由于我国执行财产分配制度未采绝对优先主义,就债权人撤销权制度的解释论建构宜采实体定位。

There are two theoretical orientations of the creditor avoidance system.One is the substantive orientation,widely adopted by legislation,where the avoidance system operates autonomously from the enforcement procedure.The claim of the creditor seeking avoidance need not be due,and the preservation encompasses all claims arising prior to the fraudulent act.The other is the enforcement orientation represented by German law,which relies on the enforcement procedure.An eligible avoider is required to obtain an execution credential and prove that the enforcement could not satisfy the claim.The substantive orientation aims to preserve the integrity of liability property.When the debtor is on the verge of or in factual bankruptcy,creditors'indirect control over the value of liability property is externalized.The debtor has the obligation to take into account the interests of the creditors in making dispositions of the property,and the creditors have the right to claim remedies for fraudulent acts in breach of that obligation.The enforcement orientation directly targets the realization of a specific claim during the enforcement stage.Through avoidance,the creditor,in a sense,achieves a retroactive effect of attachment on property.In comparison,the substantive orientation offers a more complete theoretical framework,while the enforcement orientation proves more pragmatic.Given that in China the absolute priority doctrine is not adopted in property distribution within the enforcement process,it is advisable to adopt the substantive orientation when interpreting the creditor avoidance system.