甲申朝局与张佩纶之进退

The Political Situation in 1884 and Zhang Peilun's Advance and Retreat

光绪初年兴起的清流势力因甲申年的朝局变动趋于式微,张佩纶之进退颇能反映清流士人群体的命运。光绪十年张树声父子运动盛昱上折弹劾张佩纶,此事的关键原因是双方围绕广西巡抚人选反复较量,矛盾无法调和。甲申易枢后醇王当国,颇欲罗致清流参与朝政,张佩纶会办福建海防应从醇王延揽清流的角度来理解。马尾海战前后,张佩纶两次运动京官弹劾闽浙总督何璟,遭到闽省官绅与清流后辈的联手反击。而朝廷起初无意惩处张佩纶,屡次不允张佩纶辞官,也与醇王此时用人尚重清流有关。最后张佩纶之所以被流放,乃因该年十月起清流对醇王用人施政屡有阻挠,质疑甲申易枢,促使慈禧、醇王改变对清流的态度,整肃清流。朝廷以雷霆手段惩治清流士人后,根基薄弱的醇王唯有倚重旗人与疆吏,未能成功建立以朝廷为中心的洋务体制,深刻影响了日后晚清政治的走向。

The Qingliu Faction that arose in the early years of Guangxu tended to decline due to the change of political situation in 1884,and Zhang Peilun's advance and retreat in this year could reflect the ups and downs of the Qingliu Faction's overall destiny.In the tenth year of Emperor Guangxu's reign,Zhang Shusheng and his son instigated Sheng Yu to impeach Zhang Peilun,the more important reason for this incident was that the two sides repeatedly clashed over the candidates of the civilian governor of Guangxi,and the conflict had intensified.After Jiashen Yishu,Prince Chun wanted to recruit the Qingliu Faction to participate in politics.Zhang Peilun's handling of Fujian's coastal defense should be understood from the perspective of Prince Chun's recruitment of the Qingliu Faction.After Zhang Peilun cntered Fujian,he twice mobilized Beijing officials to impeach He Jing,the military governor of Fujian and Zhejiang,and thus encountered a joint counterattack from Fujian officials and Qingliu's younger generation,At first,the court had no intention of punishing Zhang Peilun and repeatedly refused his resignation.It was also related to the fact that Prince Chun was still valuing the Qingliu Faction at that time.The reason why Zhang Peilun was exiled in the end was that since October of that year,the Qingliu Faction had repeatedly obstructed the governance of Prince Chun,questioning Jiashen Yishu,which prompted Empress Dowager Cixi and Prince Chun to change their attitude towards the Qingliu Faction and resolve to rectify it.The Qing court severely punished the Qingliu Faction,and in consequence,Prince Chun's governance could only rely on the Bannermen and local governors,unable to establish a westernized system centered on the court,which profoundly affected the political trend of the late Qing dynasty in the future.