部落社会视角下巴基斯坦俾路支运动起源新探(1948—1967)

A New Probe into the Origin of the Baloch Movement in Pakistan from the Perspective of Tribal Society(1948-1967)

巴基斯坦俾路支运动源于英国殖民统治,发轫于巴基斯坦立国之初,在阿尤布·汗执政时期最终形成。19世纪中后期,英国殖民者在印度西北边疆部落地区实行的统治策略,深刻地改变了俾路支部落社会的基本形态,造就了巴基斯坦俾路支运动产生的社会土壤。印巴分治后,俾路支部落社会中的少数传统精英因巴基斯坦的领土整合而利益受损,遂借以争取民族独立之名发动叛乱。然而,由于巴基斯坦政府一定程度上沿袭了英印时期的怀柔政策,绝大多数部落并未参与其中,叛乱影响十分有限。20世纪50年代末,巴政府推动的现代化改革打破了俾路支部落社会维系了近百年的“政治默契”,触动了部落精英阶层的根本利益,激起了俾路支部落的联合抵抗。时至今日,部落对抗国家的阴云依然未能消散,能否促成“国家与部落的共生”将是解决这一历史问题的关键所在。

The Baloch movement in Pakistan has its origin in the British colonial period.It started to gain momentum after Pakistan achieved independence and was in full swing during the reign of Ayub Khan.In the second half of the 19th century,the British colonial strategy in the northwest frontier of India profoundly changed the basic form of Baloch tribal society and created soiopolitical conditions from which the Baloch movement in Pakistan emerged.After the partition of India and Pakistan,a small number of traditional elites in Baloch society,whose interests were jeopardized by the territorial integration of Pakistan,launched an insurgency in the name of fighting for national independence.However,since the Pakistani government had followed the British Indian policy of conciliation,the vast majority of tribes did not participate in it,and the impact of the insurgency was limited.At the end of the 1950s,the modernization reform promoted by the Pakistani government broke the“political tacit understanding”of Baloch tribal society that had been maintained for nearly a hundred years.The reform touched the fundamental interests of the tribal elites and provoked Baloch tribes to unite in resistance.To this day,the dark cloud of tribal confrontation against the state has not dissipated,and the key to resolving this historical issue will be a“symbiosis between the state and the tribes.”