阳明学派的顿挫与明代陆学的复现

The Frustration of the Yangming School and the Resurgence of Lu Jiuyuan's Learning in the Ming Dynasty

阳明学在发展过程中,一方面有学派建构、士子来学,同时不乏质疑与挑战。为表明学说之正统,应对程朱学者的批判,阳明学派早期往往采用申明陆学以证明己学的方式,以求发展之道。这种模式直接促成了《朱子晚年定论》与《鸣冤录》两种重要理学文献的生成与传布,前者是王阳明因正德年间朱陆异同论学失利而编撰,旨在安抚门人信众;后者是名臣席书节录当时并不经见的陆九渊文集而成,目的正是澄清陆学与王学的正当性。与撰著相呼应,当嘉靖年间阳明学被钦定为邪说之际,后学薛侃疏请陆九渊从祀孔庙,欲借朝廷之力推重陆学,以纾解学派所受压力。阳明学派反复申明陆学所反映的,实际上正是当时陆九渊文献不传、士人对陆学的认识带着厚重朱学滤镜的事实,而他们标举己学正统之举亦在客观上促成陆学重新为士林所阅读、了解与接受。

In the course of its development,the Yangming school attracted many scholars and expanded,but at the same time there was no lack of queries and challenges.In order to demonstrate the orthodoxy of their own doctrine and to respond to the criticisms of the Cheng-Zhu scholars,the Yangming school often adopted the mode of affirming Lu Jiuyuan's learning in order to prove their own doctrine.This mode directly contributed to the creation and dissemination of two important Neo-Confucianist literature,Zhu Zi Wannian Dinglun and Mingyuan Lu.The former was compiled by Wang Yangming as a result of the failure in the discussion of the similarities and differences between Zhu Xi and Lu Jiuyuan,and was intended to mollify his disciples and followers.Echoing these writings,in the ninth year of Jiajing Reign when Yangming's learning was condemned as heresy by the emperor,Xue Kan a disciple of the Yangming School,utilized the chance of the Confucian temple reform to reaffirm Lu Jiuyuan's learning in order to relieve the pressure on the Yangming School.The frequent reaffirmation of Lu Jiuyuan's learning by Wang Yangming and his companions manifested the fact that scholars at that time comprehended the thought of Lu Jiuyuan mostly through the lens of Zhu Xi,as Lu Jiuyuan's texts had not been widely disseminated.On the other hand,the practice of the Yangming School to self-declare as the orthodoxy unwittingly promoted the reprint and circulation of Lu Jiuyuan's works,and evoked the trend among Confucian scholars to sympathize with his thought in the Ming Dynasty.