行政处罚决定公开制度的解释与建构

Interpretation and Construction of the System for Publicizing Administrative Penalty Decisions

2021年修订的《行政处罚法》第48条以“具有一定社会影响”限定了行政处罚决定的相对公开,其立法目的在于监督执法和风险预警,但伴随着行政机关处罚裁量权的行使,公开行政处罚决定的功能逐渐异化为“羞辱式”制裁。行政处罚决定公开制度功能的变化导致制度本身应当被反思,而“具有一定社会影响”的概念认定却未在法律规范中予以明确。然而,“具有一定社会影响”的认定应结合区分处罚对象社会身份的主体标准,违法行为侵害范围的领域标准和社会影响存在形态的状态标准等多项指标综合判断。因此,行政处罚决定公开的载体应以互联网公开为主,以纸质公开为辅,并限制网络平台的复制、转载、截图、评论;公开行政处罚决定的内容应对自然人和企业分别采取隐名公开和显名公开的方式,均对敏感信息进行去标识化处理;行政处罚决定公开的开始时间和持续期限还应围绕不同情形、对象、特点设置差异化期限。

The revised Article 48 of the Administrative Penalty Law in 2021 limits the relative openness of administrative penalty decisions to“have a certain social impact”.Its legislative purpose is to supervise law enforcement and risk warning.However,with the exercise of discretionary power of administrative punishment,the function of publicizing administrative penalty decisions has gradually been transformed into“humiliating”sanctions.The change in the function has led to a reflection on the system itself,but the concept of“having a certain social impact”has not been clearly defined in legal norms.However,the determination of“having a certain social impact”should be comprehensively judged based on multiple indicators such as the subject standard for distinguishing the social identity of the punished objects,the domain standard for the infringement scope of illegal behavior,and the state standard for the form of social impact.Therefore,the carrier of the disclosure should be mainly Internet disclosure,supplemented by paper disclosure,and the copying,reprinting,screenshots,and comments on the network platform should be limited;The content of the decision should be disclosed anonymously and prominently to natural persons and enterprises respectively,and sensitive information should be deidentified;The start time and duration of the disclosure should also be differentiated according to different situations,objects,and characteristics.