微生物除草剂的研究进展

Research Progress in Microbial Herbicides

杂草是危害农业生产最严重的有害生物之一,其防治主要依赖化学除草剂,而长期大量使用化学除草剂会引发杂草抗药性增加、环境安全和粮食安全等问题。微生物除草剂是利用微生物本身或其代谢产物开发的生物除草剂,具有资源丰富、不易产生抗性杂草、环境友好等特点,是当前国际上杂草绿色防控技术发展方向。本文总结了微生物除草剂的类型,罗列了具有除草活性的生防微生物种类以及毒素种类;综述了微生物除草的作用机理,微生物主要通过感染侵入杂草寄主引起杂草的导管闭塞、造成植株萎蔫并枯死,或者通过代谢产物中有效活性物质影响杂草寄主细胞结构的完整性、生物膜功能和脂质稳定性、能量传递、光合色素合成、脂类合成及氨基酸的合成等,从而达到除草的目的;进一步总结了微生物除草剂的应用现状,包括商品化情况、应用的限制因素和防控效果提升策略,以及组学技术在微生物除草领域的应用;最后对微生物除草剂的发展方向及应用前景进行了展望,以期为新型除草剂的研究与开发提供参考。

Weeds are one of the most serious pests to agricultural production,and their control mainly depends on chemical herbicides.Long-term and large-scale use of chemical herbicides will lead to the increase of weed resistance,environmental security and food security.Microbial herbicides are biological herbicides developed by using microorganisms themselves or their metabolites,which are characterized by abundant resources,environmental friendliness,not easy to have resistant weeds,which are the development direction of green weed biocontrol in the world.In this paper,we summarized the types of microbial herbicides and listed the biocontrol microorganisms and toxins with herbicidal activity.Then,we reviewed the mechanism of microbial weed control.Microorganisms invaded the weed host through infection,causing the tube closure of the weed,and finally resulting in plant wilting and dying.In otherwise,they affected the cell structure integrity,biofilm function,lipid stability,energy transfer,photosynthetic pigment synthesis,lipid synthesis and amino acid synthesis of the weed host through effective active substances in metabolites,to achieve the purpose of killing weeds.In addition,we summarized the application status of microbial herbicides,including commercialization,constraints in application and improvement strategies of control effect;as well as the application of omics technology in the field of microbial herbicides.Finally,we prospected the development direction and application prospect of microbial herbicides,aiming to provide reference for the research and development of new herbicides.